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Road Map to Understanding Innovative 
Technology Options for Brownfields 
Investigation and Cleanup, Fourth Edition 




N 



www.brownfieldstsc.org 


To Access the Brownfields Road Map 
and obtain periodic updates online, visit 
the Brownfields and Land Revitalization 
Technology Support Center at: 

















September 2005 
EPA-542-B-05-001 


ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE 
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS 
INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP, FOURTH EDITION 



U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation 
Washington, DC 20460 





TO 1050 
ZV0(q 

COpy C 


ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


NOTICE 


Preparation of this document has been funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under 
Contract 68-W-02-034. The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative and expert review and 
was approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not 
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


The EPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation acknowledges and thanks the 
individuals who reviewed and provided comments on draft documents. The reviewers included 
representatives of business, community and grassroots organizations, EPA Headquarters and regional offices, 
local government and city planning offices, and public interest groups. 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


CONTENTS 

NOTICE.i 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.ii 

BACKGROUND.1 

INTRODUCTION.4 

How to Use The Road Map.7 

BEFORE YOU BEGIN.10 

ROAD MAP OUTLINE.18 

SITE ASSESSMENT.20 

SITE INVESTIGATION.39 

ASSESSMENT OF CLEANUP OPTIONS.58 

CLEANUP DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION.82 

SPOTLIGHTS 

51 OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES: 

Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites.30 

52 SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT.32 

53 ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY: 

Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability Protections.34 

54 UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES.36 

55 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES AND REVITALIZATION TOOLS - ELECTRONIC 

(SMARTe).38 

56 KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION AND ACCEPTANCE.51 

57 THE TRIAD APPROACH: 

Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions.52 

58 DATA QUALITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS: 

Keys to Cost-Effective Site Investigation.53 

59 SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION EFFORTS.54 

510 INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES.56 

511 STATE DRYCLEANER REMEDIATION PROGRAMS: 

An Innovative Approach to Cleanup.77 

512 REMEDIATING MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT SITES: 

Emerging Remediation Technologies.78 

513 PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY: 

A Growing Field.79 

514 CLEANUP OF DENSE NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS: 

A Widespread Challenge.81 

515 VAPOR INTRUSION 

An Emerging Concern at Brownfields Sites.90 
































ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


SI6 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES: 

Major Concepts and Issues.91 

APPENDICES 

A GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES.A-1 

B LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS.B-1 

C LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS.C-1 

D HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS.D-1 

INDEX OF RESOURCES.1-1 


IV 











ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


DA pi/A HAI |Mr\ Section 101 of the Comprehensive Environmental 
DMUI \V 3 It v / ■■ « J Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 

_ defines brownfields sites as "real property, the 

expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be 
complicated by the presence or potential presence of a 
hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant." 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 
established its Brownfields Economic Revitalization 
Initiative to empower states, communities, and other 
stakeholders in economic revitalization to work 
together to accomplish the redevelopment of 

brownfields sites. With the enactment of 
the Small Business Liability Relief and 
Brownfields Revitalization Act in 2002, 

EPA assistance was expanded to provide 
greater support for brownfields cleanup 
and reuse (see the inset box on page 2). 
Many states and local jurisdictions also 
help businesses and communities adapt 
environmental cleanup programs to the 
special needs of brownfields sites. 

Preparing brownfields sites for productive 
reuse requires integration of many 
elements—financial issues, community 
involvement, liability considerations, 
environmental assessment and cleanup, 
regulatory requirements, and more—as well 
as coordination among many groups of 
stakeholders. The assessment and cleanup 
of a site must be carried out in a way that 
integrates all these factors into the overall 
redevelopment process. In addition, the 
cleanup strategy will vary from site to site. 
At some sites, cleanup will be completed 
before the properties are transferred to new 
owners. At other sites, cleanup may take 
place simultaneously with construction 
and redevelopment activities. 

Regardless of when and how cleanups are 
accomplished, the challenge to any brownfields 
program is to clean up sites in accordance with 
redevelopment goals. Such goals may include cost- 
effectiveness, timeliness, avoidance of adverse effects 
to site structures and neighboring communities, and 
redevelopment of land in a way that benefits 
communities and local economies. 

Regulators and site managers are increasingly 
recognizing the value of implementing a more 
dynamic approach to streamline assessment and 
cleanup activities at brownfields sites. This 
approach, referred to as the Triad, is flexible and 
recognizes site-specific decisions and data needs. 



• Background • Introduction ♦ Before You Begin • Site Assessment ♦ Site Investigation • Cleanup Optior Cleanup Design and Implementation 1 










ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act 


Since its inception in 1995, EPA’s Brownfields Program 
has grown into a proven, result-oriented initiative that has 
changed the way contaminated property is perceived, 
addressed, and managed. Through passage of the Small 
Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization 
Act (Public Law 107-118; H.R. 2869) in January 2002, 
effective policies that EPA had developed over the years 
were passed into law. The Brownfields Law expanded 
EPA’s assistance by providing new tools that the public 
and private sectors could use to promote sustainable 
brownfields cleanup and reuse. 

The law modified EPA’s existing brownfields grants and 
technical assistance program by: 

• Increasing the funding authority up to $200 million per 
year 

• Providing grants for assessments, revolving loan 
funds, direct cleanups, and job training 

• Expanding the entities, properties, and activities 
eligible for brownfields grants 

• Expanding the Brownfields Program’s applicability to 
sites with petroleum contamination such as 
abandoned gasoline stations 

• Providing authority for brownfields training, research, 
and technical assistance 

• Allowing up to 10 percent of the grant funds to be used 
to monitor the health of exposed populations and 
enforce any instutional controls 

Brownfields grants continue to serve as the foundation of 
EPA’s Brownfields Program by funding environmental 
assessment, cleanup, and job training activities. 
Brownfields Assessment Grants provide funding for 
brownfields inventories, planning, environmental 
assessments, and community outreach. Brownfields 
Revolving Loan Fund Grants provide funding to capitalize 


loans that are used to clean up brownfields sites. 
Brownfields Job Training Grants provide environmental 
training for residents of brownfields communities. 
Brownfields Cleanup Grants provide direct funding for 
cleanup activities at certain properties with planned 
green space, recreational, or other nonprofit uses. 

The law changed and clarified Superfund liability: 

• Clarified Superfund liability for prospective 
purchasers, innocent landowners, and contiguous 
property owners 

• Provided liability protection for certain small-volume 
waste contributors and contributors of municipal solid 
waste 

The law created a strong, balanced relationship between 
the federal government and state and tribal programs: 

• Authorized up to $50 million per year for building and 
enhancing state and tribal response programs and 
expanded the activities eligible for funding 

• Provided protection from Superfund liability at sites 
cleaned up under a state program 

• Preserved the federal safety net by detailing the 
circumstances in which EPA can revisit a cleanup 

• Clarified the state role in adding sites to the Superfund 
National Priorities List (NPL) 

EPA’s investment in the Brownfields Program has 
resulted in many accomplishments, and the momentum 
generated by the program is leaving an enduring legacy. 
EPA’s Brownfields Program continues to look to the 
future by expanding the types of properties it addresses, 
forming new partnerships, and undertaking new 
initiatives to help revitalize communities across the 
nation. Additional information on the Brownfields Law is 
available at www.epa.gov/brownfields/sblrbra.htm. 


The Triad approach focuses on management of decision 
uncertainty by incorporating (1) systematic project 
planning; (2) dynamic work planning strategies; and (3) 
use of real-time measurement technologies, including 
innovative technologies, to accelerate and improve the 
cleanup process. The Triad approach can reduce costs, 
improve decision certainty, expedite site closeout, and 
positively affect regulatory and community acceptance. 
This approach is well aligned with brownfields site 
priorities, which are affected by the economics of 
redevelopment, community involvement, and liability 
considerations. 


Numerous technology options are available to assist 
those involved in brownfields cleanup. EPA's Office of 
Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation 
(OSRTI) encourages use of smarter solutions for 
characterizing and cleaning up contaminated sites by 
advocating more effective, less costly technological 
approaches. Use of innovative technologies to 
characterize and clean up brownfields sites provides 
opportunities for stakeholders to reduce cleanup costs 
and accelerate cleanup schedules. Often, innovative 
approaches are also more acceptable to communities. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


EPA defines an innovative technology as one that has 
been used in the field but that does not yet have a 
long history of full-scale use. In addition, data about 
the cost and performance of innovative technologies 
may not be sufficient to encourage decision-makers to 
select those technologies over established 
technologies. A primary area of interest to EPA is 
documenting and disseminating information about 
the cost and performance of innovative technologies. 
EPA, through its work with the Federal Remediation 
Technologies Roundtable (FRTR), has seen significant 
progress in this area. Innovative technologies are 
being used in many cleanup programs to assess 
contamination and to clean up sites. 

Comprehensive information about the range of 
innovative technologies and their use as well as 
technical expertise pertinent to them, is available from 
EPA's Brownfields and Land Revitalization 
Technology Support Center (BTSC). The BTSC is 
coordinated through OSRTI and is supported by 
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD). 

The center works closely with EPA's Office of 
Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in 
partnership with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 
(USACE) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). 
Established in 1999 as a pilot program, the BTSC 
assists brownfields decision-makers by presenting 
strategies for streamlining site assessment and 
cleanup, identifying information about technology 
options, evaluating plans and documents, describing 
complex technologies for communities, and providing 
demonstration support (see page 14 for more 
information about the BTSC). 


An emerging technology is an innovative technology that 
is currently undergoing bench-scale testing in which a 
small version of the technology is tested in a laboratory. 

An innovative technology is a technology that has been 
field-tested and applied to a hazardous waste problem at 
a site but that lacks a long history of full-scale use. 
Information about its cost and how well it works may be 
insufficient to support prediction of its performance 
under a wide variety of operating conditions. 

An established technology is a technology for which 
cost and performance information is readily available. 
Only after a technology has been used at many different 
sites and the results have been fully documented is that 
technology considered to be established. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 3 









ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


INTRODUCTION 



The "Road Map to Understanding Innovative 
Technology Options for Brownfields Investigation and 
Cleanup/' Fourth Edition, includes new and updated 
resources to assist in identification and selection of 
innovative site characterization and cleanup 
technologies for brownfields redevelopment. The 
Road Map provides a general outline of the steps in 
the investigation and cleanup of a site slated for 
redevelopment and introduces brownfields 
stakeholders to the range of innovative technology 
options and resources available to them. The Road 
Map provides valuable information for a wide range 
of stakeholders involved in or affected by 
redevelopment of brownfields sites, whether through 
public projects, private developments, or 
public-private partnerships. The Fourth 
Edition has been expanded significantly to 
include new and updated resources and 
supplemental information. 

The First Edition of the Road Map, which was 
published in 1997, provided a broad overview 
of EPA's Brownfields Program and an outline 
of the steps involved in the cleanup of a 
brownfields site. Designed primarily for 
stakeholders who were unfamiliar with the 
elements of cleaning up a brownfields site, the 
Road Map built awareness of the advantages 
offered by innovative technologies. As the 
Brownfields Program matured, the Second and 
Third Editions were published in 1999 and 
2001, respectively, to update information and 
resources associated with the program and 
innovative technologies. Those editions were 
accompanied by a CD-ROM to provide easier 
access to the wide range of information and 
resources included in the Road Map. 

The new Fourth Edition has been developed to 
continue to serve audiences who are new to the 
Brownfields Program as well as provide new and 
updated technical information to audiences with 
more experience and technical qualifications. 
Updated with 71 new resources and one-page 
descriptions of technologies, processes, and 
initiatives that affect the consideration and use of 
innovative technologies, the newest edition of the 
Road Map will help: 

• New and less experienced stakeholders learn about 
EPA's Brownfields Program and site cleanup in 
general. 

• Decision-makers who are familiar with the 
Brownfields Program but are also interested in 
obtaining more detailed information about 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


technologies. The Road Map provides these users 
with up-to-date information about the 
applicability of innovative technologies and ready 
access to the latest resources that can assist them 
in making their technology decisions. 

• Stakeholders who hire or oversee site cleanup 
professionals (such as environmental consultants, 
cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or 
analytical laboratories). The Road Map provides 
these stakeholders with a detailed understanding 
of the different phases of cleanup of a brownfields 
site and presents information about the role that 
cleanup professionals play in the process and 
about how to encourage consideration of use of 
innovative technologies. 

• Regulators by increasing their understanding of 
the advantages that innovative technologies and 
approaches may provide throughout the cleanup 
process. The Road Map also serves as a resource 
that regulators can use to provide site owners, 
service providers, and other stakeholders with 
useful information about the Brownfields 
Program. 

• Community members by providing information 
about the general site cleanup process as well as 
guidelines and mechanisms that ensure that they 
are involved in the decision-making process. 

• Other stakeholders, such as financial institutions 
and insurance agencies, by providing information 
for their use in assessing and minimizing the risk 
associated with brownfields redevelopment. 

It is important to understand that the site 
characterization and cleanup process may not occur in 
the sequence outlined in the following sections. At 
many sites, several activities may be undertaken 
concurrently, and some steps may recur throughout 
the process. For example, many technologies that are 
used for characterizing sites during the preliminary 
phases of a brownfields project may be appropriate for 
use in later stages of a site cleanup. Understanding the 
logical progression of the process is crucial to ensuring 
that the proper groundwork is laid for future phases 
and in determining whether activities can be combined 
or implemented concurrently. 

The Road Map is not an official guidance document. 
Rather, it draws upon EPA's experiences with 
brownfields and Superfund sites, corrective action 
sites under the Resource Conservation and Recovery 
Act (RCRA), and underground storage tank (UST) 
sites. Specific conditions—such as the kinds and 
amounts of contamination, the proposed reuses of the 


property, the financial resources available, and the 
level of support from neighboring communities—vary 
from site to site. 


New in the Fourth Edition 


• Addition of 71 new resources identified with a “new 
resource” icon 

• Updates of 18 resources identified with an “updated 
resource” icon 

• Removal of approximately 40 resources that have been 
discontinued or are no longer available 

• Updates and additions to the one-page spotlights on specific 
topics that identify and describe key technologies, 
processes, and initiatives that affect the use and 
consideration of innovative technologies at brownfields sites 

• Updates to programmatic information and organizational 
changes resulting from the passage of the Small Business 
Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act 

• Revision of Appendix A to provide additional information 
about typical contaminants found at brownfields sites 
and the technologies used to investigate and remediate 
these sites 

• Expansion of Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary 
of Key Terms 

• Updates to brownfields and technical support contacts 
identified in Appendix C 

• Updates to document ordering information included in 
Appendix D 

• Elimination of the Road Map CD-Rom. With improved 
Internet access and the opportunity to provide more 
frequent updates, all publications and links are available 
online attvww. brownfieldstsc.org 


How to Submit Comments 

EPA invites comments from the members of the 
brownfields community to help ensure that any future 
versions of the Road Map meet their needs. Please 
submit comments to: 

Dan Powell 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Office of Superfund Remediation and 
Technology Innovation 
Ariel Rios Building 

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G) 
Washington, DC 20460 
E-mail: powell.dan@epa.gov 
Telephone: (703) 603-7196 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 5 










ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


How to Obtain Additional Copies 

Portable document format (pdf) and HTML versions 
of the Road Map are available for viewing or 
downloading at the Brownfields and Land 
Revitalization Technology Support Center Web site at 
www.broiunfieldstsc.org . A printed or hard copy 
version can also be ordered directly from that site. 

If you do not have access to the Internet, a printed or 
hard copy version of this document can be obtained 
from the following source: 

National Service Center for 
Environmental Publications 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
P.O. Box 42419 
Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419 
Telephone: (800) 490-9198 or (513) 489-8190 
Fax: (513) 489-8695 

When ordering the Road Map, refer to document 
number EPA 542-B-05-001. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


How to Use the Road Map 

The Road Map and the resources described in it have been organized into sections corresponding to the 
general phases of site characterization and cleanup, from early planning through implementation of the 
remedy. 

The first section, Before You Begin, discusses important factors that set the stage for the characterization and 
cleanup of brownfields sites and lists applicable resources. Regulatory guidelines for the process are 
introduced, and innovative technologies are discussed within the overall framework of the selection of site 
characterization and cleanup technologies. 


The remaining four sections of the Road Map summarize the general phases of the 
characterization and cleanup of potentially contaminated sites: Site Assessment, Site 
Investigation, Assessment of Cleanup Options, and Cleanup Design and Implementation. 
Each section: 


• Describes the objectives to be accomplished -^ 

• Outlines the key questions to be answered _^ 

• Summarizes the activities to be undertaken _^ 

• Lists information resources available to 

assist in selecting technologies. Within 
each section, the resources are listed in ► 

alphabetical order in three categories: 

A. Technology resources relevant to the phase provide general information about 
technologies and their application in the four phases delineated in the Road Map. 

B. Site-specific resources provide information about the application of innovative 
technologies to specific contaminants and site types. 

C Technology-specific resources present detailed information about specific 
technologies and their application to specific contaminants and media. 

• Indicates specific actions to be taken at 
the completion of the phase 




The graphic on page 18 provides an overview of the general phases of the site 
characterization and cleanup process, identifies some of the factors and questions 
potentially affecting the course of the process, and directs users to relevant sections of the 
Road Map. 


• Before You Begin 


♦ Site Assessment • Site Investigation 


• Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 


• Background • Introduction ♦ Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation ♦ Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 7 



















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Resources: Components of Each Entry 


Title of resource 


Title of resource 



** Please note that in the Fourth Edition, the information about where to download the resource is no longer 
included with the entry. All resources may be accessed through www.brownfieldstsc.org 

The Road Map is intended to identify and answer questions related to selection of technologies rather than 
questions related to other brownfields issues. Please note that the key questions and discussions of activities 
to be conducted are intended to guide the reader in identifying issues that should be addressed. To serve as 
guideposts in the cleanup process, the questions take the point of view of the various groups involved in the 
process. The questions ask what stakeholders as a group working together—the"we" of each question—must 
do as assessment and cleanup progress. 

Spotlights 

Like the previous edition, this edition of the Road Map 
includes brief descriptions that "spotlight" key technologies, 
processes, and initiatives that affect the use and consideration 
of innovative technologies for the characterization and 
cleanup of brownfields sites. The spotlights are included in 
the sections of the Road Map that are most relevant. Each 
spotlight also includes information about additional 
resources, as appropriate. The following spotlights have been updated for the Fourth Edition: 

Other Redevelopment Initiatives" . “Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfields Sites" 

Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance" • "Phytoremediation Technology" 

The Triad Approach" • “Cleanup of Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids" 

Data Quality and Representativeness" • “Understanding the Role of Institutional Controls 

State Dry Cleaner Remediation Programs" at Brownfields Sites" 

Remediating Manufactured Gas Plant Sites" 

Six new spotlights have been added to the Fourth Edition of the Road Map: 

• “Superfund Redevelopment Initiative" • "Vapor Intrusion" 

• "All Appropriate Inquiry" • "Innovative Approaches to Assessment and 

• "Sustainable Management Approaches and Cleanup of Mining Sites" 

Revitalization Tools - electronic (SMARTe)" • "Supporting Tribal Revitalization Efforts" 



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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Appendices 

Four appendices are included in the Road Map to help stakeholders understand technical issues and terms 
related to site cleanup. 

Appendix A, Guide to Contaminants and Technologies, identifies the types of contaminants found at 
brownfields sites and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for investigating and remediating 
those contaminants at brownfields sites. 

Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, defines acronyms and specialized terms used in 
discussing and describing brownfields cleanup efforts. Because of the technical nature of the resources 
contained in this publication, acronyms are used throughout the Road Map. Consult Appendix B as necessary 
to identify acronyms and obtain definitions of unfamiliar terms. 

Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts, provides information about state and EPA 
regional and technical points of contact. 

Appendix D, How to Order Documents, provides information about ordering the documents identified in the 
Road Map. 

Index of Resources 

The Index of Resources located at the back of the document provides a complete list of the resources in the 
Road Map sorted alphabetically by title. The Index is a useful tool for screening the list of resource titles and 
identifying new and updated resources. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Inv Cleanup Design and Implementation 9 





ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


BEFORE YOU BEGIN 


What is the Planned End Use? A Word About 
Redevelopment 


It is important to consider potential redevelopment 
plans from the outset of any brownfields project. The 
redevelopment plan (or lack thereof) will govern most 
brownfields projects, from the identification of site 
investigation and cleanup standards and the ability 
to obtain financing to the ultimate affordability or 
profitability of the project. 



Defining and understanding the long-term goals of 
the brownfields project and the decisions to be 
made throughout the project is a crucial 
element in identifying appropriate 
technologies for site investigation and 
cleanup. Technology tools, when carefully 
selected, will assist those responsible for the 
brownfields project in collecting the data 
necessary to support such decisions and 
accomplish the established goals. During 
the many phases of a brownfields project, it 
is important to keep in mind that 
technology options are an effective means of 
achieving the desired result at a site, rather than an 
end in themselves. 


Brownfields projects may be initiated for a number of 
reasons. A landowner may want to sell a property to a 
prospective purchaser for development. A municipality 
may want to clean up a parcel or area that has become 
an eyesore, create space for business development, or 
create a park in a disadvantaged area. A local 
comprehensive plan may call for infill development of a 
certain type in a brownfields area. The brownfields 
process will be tailored to the specific end use, if that use 
is known. For example, if the redevelopment plan calls 
for the construction of a light industrial facility, it may 
be appropriate, depending on state and local 
regulatory requirements, to apply industrial 
investigation and cleanup standards that are less 
stringent than those applicable to property that is to be 
redeveloped for residential use. The standards required 
will affect every aspect of the project, from its overall cost 
(which is generally greater as the standards become 
more conservative) to the applicability of innovative 
characterization and cleanup technologies. Keep in 
mind, however, that new information about 
contamination or cleanup may require that reuse plans 
be altered; develop flexible plans so that revised cleanup 
needs can be incorporated into them. 


If the end use is not known at the beginning of the 
project, the individuals involved should make every 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


attempt at least to identify the general type of desired 
development, whether industrial, commercial, or 
residential or a mixed-use development of some sort. 
Absent that information, the most conservative 
assumptions will be made at every stage of the 
brownfields project, a circumstance that could 
increase significantly the time and expense of the 
project and may even make it infeasible. 


Understanding Regulations and Regulatory 
Guidelines and Standard Industry Practices 

The redevelopment of brownfields sites may be subject 
to a variety of federal, state, and local laws, regulations, 
policies, and guidelines with respect to the 
characterization and cleanup of the site. Such sites also 
may be governed by the standard practices of other 
government, nongovernment, and private institutions. 

The applicable laws, regulations, policies, and 
guidelines will vary by site, depending on the 
regulatory authority that manages the cleanup. 
Therefore, it is important to research this information at 
the outset and to work closely with the regulatory 
authority throughout the cleanup process. For 
example, state or local regulatory authorities may 
manage the cleanup of brownfields sites. These 
agencies should be consulted to determine what, if any, 
site-specific requirements or permits are applicable. 

Many of the standard practices are designed to help 
the brownfields redevelopment project obtain 
financing from public programs and private banks 
and institutions. Guidance and standards are issued 
by government and nongovernment organizations, 
such as the American Society for Testing and 
Materials (ASTM), the Federal Deposit Insurance 
Corporation (FDIC), and state and local economic 
development authorities, and even private lenders. 

EPA also can be a valuable resource for brownfields 
stakeholders by providing regulatory and policy 
support to facilitate selection of technologies (see 
Appendix C, List of Brownfields and Technical 
Support Contacts, for information about EPA regional 
and technical points of contact). 

Although compliance with regulations and official 
policy directives issued under other federal 
regulatory and cleanup programs such as Superfund 
may not be required, some of the information gathered 
under such programs may be useful in the 
investigation and cleanup of brownfields sites. For 
some sites, existing information provides a basis of 
understanding of site activities and conditions. 


Additionally, lessons learned about site 
characterization strategies help to refine the process. For 
example, in the past, a number of sampling events and 
field mobilizations have been required at many RCRA 
and Superfund sites to gather sufficient information to 
characterize the sites adequately. Additional sampling 
was necessary to assess all potential contaminants, to 
adequately analyze all pathways of exposure, to obtain 
representative samples of wastes and environmental 
media, and to obtain analytical results of the 
appropriate accuracy to enable regulatory authorities to 
make cleanup decisions with confidence. Streamlining 
the process may decrease costs and reduce the decision¬ 
making period for selecting options for site cleanups. 

EPA has shown its support for the adoption of 
streamlined approaches to sampling, analysis, data 
review, and data evaluation during site assessment, 
characterization, and cleanup in a number of technical 
and guidance documents. Brownfields sites are well 
suited for use of the Triad approach (see Spotlight 7 on 
page 52), as limited funding and plans for reuse 
strongly influence decisions about cleanup. Inherent in 
the Triad approach is the need for cooperation and 
collaboration among the many stakeholders in the 
process. The Triad approach and the Brownfields 
Initiative reinforce each other in their emphasis on a 
common-sense approach in which barriers are removed 
and dollars are leveraged to provide the most cost- 
effective and streamlined strategy for monitoring and 
measurement activities. Use of real-time measurement 
technologies as well as a rigorous planning process to 
understand and control sources of uncertainty is 
inherent to the Triad approach and helps stakeholders 
improve the reliability of risk-related decisions. 

Recognizing that rigorous planning is important, the 
approach should remain flexible and dynamic and 
should allow for adjustments in the field in light of 
actual site conditions observed and sample analytical 
results. Such a dynamic approach usually requires a 
well-rounded technical team that has a broad range of 
technical expertise and use of field analytical 
technologies, including an on-site mobile laboratory, 
to provide quick-turnaround analyses. 


Seeking and Procuring External Professional 
Support 

Most decision-makers for brownfields sites will 
require technical and legal assistance to fully 
understand the complexities of investigating and 
cleaning up contaminated sites. Depending upon the 
complexity of a particular site, decision-makers may 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 11 








ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


request the assistance of environmental consultants, 
cleanup contractors, technology vendors, or 
analytical laboratories in performing the many 
activities required to investigate and clean up the site. 
The inclusion of these professionals and other experts 
as members of the brownfields team is recommended. 

Some states may require the participation of certified 
or licensed professionals to help guide the site 
investigation and cleanup process. To obtain the 
services of such professionals (individuals or a firm), 
a request for proposal (RFP) is often used as the 
procurement mechanism. The RFP addresses the 
approach, qualifications, and cost estimate for the 
services requested and includes specifications that 
encourage prospective bidders to think “outside the 
box" and consider nontraditional approaches. 
Selection criteria outlined in the RFP should include 
the demonstrated experience of the individuals or 
firm in developing valid options for using 
streamlined strategies and innovative technologies at 
brownfields sites and in successfully implementing 
the selected options. 

To ensure that those individuals or firms responding 
to an RFP propose approaches that are valid for the 
site, the RFP also should include, or make readily 
available, all studies and reports that provide site- 
specific information that can be used as the basis for 
making technology decisions. Individuals preparing 
RFPs may wish to be proactive and provide 
suggestions for the use of specific strategies and 
technologies that appear to be valid for the particular 
site. When reviewing proposals and interviewing 
firms, the evaluation team must be prepared to ask 
pointed, detailed questions about the selection and 
use of technologies to be assured that the individual 
or firm chosen to perform the work is qualified to 
complete the project successfully. Described in this 
Road Map are many excellent resources that will 
assist brownfields decision-makers in preparing 
specifications to be included in RFPs, selecting the 
criteria for evaluating proposals, and developing 
questions for interviews of those responding to the 
RFP. For example, see EPA's Brownfields Technology 
Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals That 
Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation 
and Cleanup on page 42 for more information. 


Community Involvement 

It is important that brownfields decision-makers 
encourage acceptance of redevelopment plans and 
cleanup alternatives by involving members of the 


community early in the decision-making process 
through community meetings, newsletters, or other 
outreach activities. For an individual site, the 
community should be informed about how the use of 
a proposed technology might affect redevelopment 
plans or the adjacent neighborhood. For example, the 
planting of trees for the use of phytoremediation may 
create aesthetic or visual improvements; on the other 
hand, the use of phytoremediation may bring about 
issues related to site security or long-term 
maintenance that could affect access to the site. 

EPA can assist members of the brownfields 
community by directing its members to appropriate 
resources and providing opportunities to network 
and participate in the sharing of information. A 
number of Internet sites, databases, newsletters, and 
reports provide opportunities for brownfields 
stakeholders to network with other stakeholders to 
identify information about cleanup and technology 
options. As noted in the preceding section, EPA's 
Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology 
Support Center is a valuable resource for brownfields 
decision-makers (see page 14 for more information). 


Comparing Innovative Technologies to Other 
Characterization and Cleanup Options 

In addition to innovative site characterization and 
cleanup technologies, the use of established treatment 
and containment technologies also should be 
considered. Examples of established treatment 
technologies include solidification/stabilization, soil 
vapor extraction, thermal desorption, incineration, and 
pump-and-treat. (For a complete list and description of 
the technologies, see the Treatment Technologies for 
Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition). 
The document is available online at http:llclu-in.orgl 
asr/.) Examples of containment include containing 
contaminated soil on site using a cap and limiting 
migration of contaminants using a vertical engineering 
barrier such as a slurry wall. In either case, 
containment does not involve actively treating the 
waste to recover or degrade contaminants. When 
deciding between innovative and established 
technologies or between treatment and containment 
technologies, or other options, brownfields decision¬ 
makers should consider the specific needs of the 
individual site and stakeholders. It also is important 
that brownfields decision-makers consider both the 
current effects of the selected technology approach and 
its future effects on potential development of the site. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Selecting and Accepting Technologies 

The successful cleanup of a 
brownfields site depends 
on the selection and 
acceptance of a specific 
technology or technology 
approach. Identified in the 
box below are the key 
elements to ensure that a 
proposed technology will 
be accepted by all stakeholders, whether site owners, 
potential buyers, financial service providers, 
investors, regulators, or affected citizens. Spotlight 6, 
Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance, on 
page 51, describes in detail these key elements. 


Information Centers, Training, and Other 
Resources 

Described on the next four pages are some of the 
resources available to brownfields projects from 
government and nongovernment institutions, 
including the various EPA hotlines for statutory and 
regulatory programs that may affect brownfields 
projects. The resources provide more general 
information than the technology resources identified 
in the chapters that follow. Training courses and 
programs provided by EPA, as well as other 
organizations, also are identified. Information about 
state and local resources can be obtained from the 
contact for each state listed in Appendix C, List of 
Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts. 


A Quick Look 

• Focus on the decisions 
that support site goals 

• Build consensus 

• Understand the technology 

• Allow flexibility 


INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES 


Analysis of State Superfund Programs: 50-State Study, 2001 Update 

The report, which was prepared by the Environmental Law Institute (ELI) in association with EPA, provides an analytical 
overview of state Superfund programs and includes information about statutes, program staffing and organization, sites, 
cleanup activities, cleanup policies and standards, requirements for public participation, funding and expenditures, and 
enforcement tools. The report also discusses the voluntary remediation and Brownfields Programs established by the 
states and presents detailed program information arranged in tables that facilitate comparisons among the states. A copy of 
the report can be downloaded from ELI’s Web site at www.eli.org ; the report can be found under the topic “Contaminated 
Sites” under “Research Reports” in the ELI Store section of the site. 

Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property, Second Edition 

The book, which was published by the American Bar Association (ABA), is aimed at an audience of real estate and environmental 
attorneys, property owners and developers, environmental regulators and consultants, and state and local government leaders. The 
book provides an overview of and background information about brownfields issues as well as explanations of the federal and state 
laws governing brownfields. Legal, business, financial, and political issues associated with redeveloping contaminated property also 
are addressed. The book presents the scientific concepts used to clean up contaminated property, describing risk assessment and 
remediation strategies. Comprehensive information about state voluntary cleanup programs also is provided. Originally published in 
1997, the Second Edition of this book was released in 2002. The book can be purchased through ABA’s Web site at www.abanet.org 
or at bookstores across the country. The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) forthe book is 1 -57073-961 -7. 

Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center 

EPA established BTSC to ensure that brownfields decision-makers are aware of the full range of technologies available for 
conducting site assessments and cleanup actions and can make informed decisions for their sites. The center helps government 
decision-makers evaluate strategies to streamline the site assessment and cleanup process, identify and review information about 
complex technology options, evaluate contractor capabilities and recommendations, explain complex technologies to 
communities, and plan technology demonstrations. BTSC is coordinated through EPA’s OSRTI and works through EPA’s ORD 
laboratories. The center works closely with EPA’s Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in partnership with the 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Localities can submit requests for assistance: 

- Through their EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinator 

- Online at www.brownfieldstsc.org 

- By calling 1 (877) 838-7220 (toll free) 

For more information about BTSC, contact Dan Powell of EPA’s OSRTI at (703) 603-7196 or powell.dan@epa.gov. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 13 







ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES 


Brownfields Handbook: How to Manage Federal Environmental Liability Risks (EPA 330-B-01-001) 

In November 1998, EPA issued “The Handbook of Tools for Managing Federal Superfund Liability Risks at Brownfields and 
Other Sites.” The handbook provided a compilation of tools and a discussion of how to use them for evaluating the benefits 
of reusing a brownfields property. The updated edition of the handbook published in November 2002 summarizes the tools 
available to clarify and address barriers to site cleanup and reuse posed by RCRA. In addition, the handbook summarizes 
the tools and initiatives that have been implemented since 1995. These include the Superfund Redevelopment Initiative 
(SRI), the UST-related initiatives, RCRA reforms, and improvements in the prospective purchaser agreement process. The 
handbook also provides updated lists of brownfields policies and guidance documents and EPA contacts. An electronic copy 
of the handbook is available at www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/cleanup/brownfields/handbook. In 
addition, this site contains policies and guidance documents issued since the publication of the 2002 

CLU-IN Studio 

CLU-IN Studio, which is coordinated by EPA’s OSRTI, ITRC, and other partners, provides free and unlimited access to Internet 
technical seminars, live conference Webcasts, and videotapes. The three types of media provide information about and resources 
relevant to innovative site characterization and cleanup technologies. The 2-hour Internet seminars are live, Web-based slide 
presentations, each of which has a companion audio portion available by telephone line or RealAudio simulcast. The conference 
Webcasts are live events that combine Web-based presentation materials with a companion live audio stream. The videotapes, 
whose viewing time ranges from 6 to 28 minutes, may be viewed or ordered online. Descriptions and registration information for 
upcoming events as well as links to archived seminars and Webcasts are provided at www.clu-in.org/studio. 

EPA Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment Internet Site 

This Internet site coordinated by EPA’s Office of Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment provides extensive information 
about EPA’s Brownfields Program, including the Brownfields Law, EPA brownfields grants, and technical tools and resources 
as well as information about brownfields projects across the country. Descriptions of EPA's brownfields pilot projects and 
points of contact in each of the EPA regional offices are provided, as are descriptions of publications, regulations, and other 
documents. Brownfields stakeholders involved in selection and use of technologies for environmental cleanup may have 
particular interest in learning more about EPA’s brownfields grant programs, which offer assessment grants, revolving loan 
fund grants, cleanup grants, and job training grants. Information is also provided on EPA’s Targeted Brownfields 
Assessments (TBA) Program as well as state and tribal response programs. The site also contains routinely updated 
announcements related to grants and information on pilot projects and success stories. The site provides links to the Web 
sites of different cleanup programs managed by offices within the EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 
(OSWER). For additional information, visit the Web site at www.epa.gov/brownfields. 

EPA Dockets 

Dockets, electronic dockets, and information centers serve as the repositories for information related to particular EPA 
actions. When a rulemaking or nonrulemaking action is announced, a docket is established in EPA Dockets (EDOCKET) 
with an assigned tracking number to accumulate materials throughout the process. Dockets may contain Federal 
Register documents, a variety of supporting documentation, and public comments. Publicly available docket materials 
are available either electronically in EDOCKET or on hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, EPA West Building, Room B102, 

1301 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC. This facility is open from 8:30 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday,' 
excluding federal holidays. The telephone numberforthe Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone 
number for the OSWER Docket is (202) 566-0276. All documents in the docket are listed in the EDOCKET index at 
www. epa. gov/edocket. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES 


Guidance for Preparing Standard Operating Procedures (EPA 240-B-01-004) 

The document provides guidance on the preparation and use of a standard operating procedure (SOP) within a quality 
system. An SOP is a set of written instructions that document a routine or repetitive activity that an organization carries out. 
The development and use of SOPs are an integral part of a successful quality system because SOPs provide individuals with 
the information needed to perform a job properly and facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a product or end 
result. SOPs describe both technical and administrative operational elements of an organization that would be managed 
under a work plan, a quality assurance project plan, or a quality management plan. A copy of the guidance document can be 
viewed at the online version of the Road Map at www.brownfieldstsc.org. 

Hazardous Substance Research Centers 

The Hazardous Substance Research Centers (HSRC) provide a national program of basic and applied research, technology transfer, 
and outreach. Five multi-university centers focus on different aspects of hazardous substance management and serve different 
regions of the country. The HSRCs receive financial support from EPA and additional funding from academia, industry, and other 
federal and state agencies. Research projects involve laboratory and field experiments as well as mathematical and physical 
modeling. Technology transfer and training activities facilitate information exchange with government agencies, industry, and other 
academic participants. The HSRCs operate three outreach programs that provide free, nonadvocacy technical assistance to 
communities. Technical Outreach Services for Communities (TOSC) uses university educational and technical resources to help 
community groups understand the technical issues associated with the hazardous waste sites in their midst. TOSC aims to empower 
communities to participate substantively in the decision-making process regarding their hazardous substance problems. An affiliate of 
TOSC is Technical Outreach Services for Native American Communities (TOSNAC), which provides technical assistance to Native 
Americans dealing with hazardous substance issues. Technical Assistance to Brownfields Communities (TAB) helps communities to 
clean up and redevelop properties that have been damaged or undervalued because of environmental contamination. The main 
audiences for TAB assistance are community groups, municipal officials, developers, and community leaders, with lending institutions 
constituting a secondary audience. More information on the HSRCs and their brownfields initiatives is available at www.hsrc.org. 

Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise 

Coordinated through USACE, the Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Center of Expertise (HTRW-CX) provides technical 
assistance and information regarding use of innovative technologies for cleanup of contaminated properties. Detailed 
information about a variety of innovative technology resources, points of contact at the HTRW-CX, and upcoming training 
courses and workshops is provided on the center’s Web site. More than 50 case studies of successful applications of 
innovative technologies also are described on the site. Visit the HTRW-CX Web site at www.environmental.usace.army.mil/ 
info/technical/it/it.htmnor more information on the center’s innovative technology programs. 

Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council 

ITRC is a state-led coalition working with industry and other stakeholders to achieve regulatory acceptance of environmental 
technologies. ITRC consists of 43 states, the District of Columbia, multiple federal partners, industry participants, and other 
stakeholders, cooperating to break down barriers and reduce compliance costs, making it easier to use new technologies, and helping 
states to maximize resources. ITRC brings together a diverse group of environmental experts and stakeholders from both the public 
and private sectors to broaden and deepen technical knowledge and to streamline the regulation of new environmental technologies. 
ITRC has established a team of experts specifically focused on redevelopment issues. ITRC accomplishes its mission in two ways: 
it develops guidance documents and training courses to meet the needs of both regulators and environmental consultants, and it works 
with state representatives to ensure that ITRC products and services have maximum impact among state environmental agencies and 
technology users. ITRC was originated in 1995 based on a previous initiative conducted by the Western Governors’ Association 
(WGA). In January 1999, ITRC became affiliated with the Environmental Research Institute of the States (ERIS). ERIS is a 501 (c)3 
nonprofit educational subsidiary of the Environmental Council of the States (ECOS). ITRC receives regional support from WGA and the 
Southern States Energy Board (SSEB) and receives financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Department of 
Defense (DoD), and EPA. Brownfields decision-makers will find success stories, guidance documents, training materials, and other 
information related to the use of innovative technologies developed by ITRC on its Web site at www.ITRCweb.org. 


♦ Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation * Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 15 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES 


RCRA Online 

RCRA Online is an online database that provides users access to thousands of letters, memoranda, and questions and 
answers issued by EPA’s Office of Solid Waste (OSW). The documents indexed in the database represent past EPA 
Headquarters interpretations of the RCRA regulations governing management of solid, hazardous, and medical wastes. 

Users can retrieve documents through topical, full text, and advanced search functions and can view the actual text of 
documents identified in a search. Detailed instructions on how to use the database are provided, as are tips for conducting 
searches. RCRA Online is available online at www.epa.gov/rcraonline. An updated pdf version of the RCRA Online 
brochure (EPA 530-F-03-011) is provided on the Road Map at www.brownfieldstsc.org. 

Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act Call Center 

The Superfund and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Call Center is a publicly accessible 
service that provides up-to-date information on several EPA programs. The Call Center responds to factual questions about 
federal regulations related to the following program areas: 

-EPCRA 

- Risk Management Program regulations under the Clean Air Act (CAA) 

-CERCLAorSuperfund 

- Spill prevention, control, and countermeasure (SPCC) plans and oil pollution prevention regulations under the Clean Water 
Act (CWA) 

The Call Center operates Monday through Friday, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm Eastern Standard Time (EST). The center can be 
reached by telephone at (800) 424-9346 from all nongovernment locations outside the Washington, DC, metropolitan local 
calling area or at (703) 412-9810 from all locations in the Washington, DC, metropolitan local calling area. 

Tax Credits and Deductions for Expensing Environmental Remediation Costs (Section 198) 

Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. §198 (A)(1)(B)(VI)) describes the expensing of costs related to 
environmental remediation of qualified contaminated sites. As the code specifies, taxpayers are permitted to treat any 
qualified environmental remediation expense as an expense that is not chargeable to a capital account; such an expenditure 
can be treated as a deduction for the taxable year in which it is paid or incurred. In general, a qualified remediation 
expenditure is an expenditure paid or incurred in connection with abatement or control of hazardous substances at a qualified 
contaminated site. The specific terms and qualifications are described in Section 198 of the Internal Revenue Code. 

TechDirect 

TechDirect, which is hosted by EPA’s OSRTI, is a free e-mail service that highlights new publications and events of interest 
for site assessment and remediation professionals. At the beginning of every month, the service e-mails a message 
describing the availability of publications and announcing events. For publications, the message explains how to obtain a 
hard copy or how to download an electronic version. Interested persons may subscribe online at www.clu-in.org/techdrct. 

Toxic Substances Control Act Assistance Information Service 

The information service provides technical assistance and information regarding programs implemented under the Toxic 
Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act (ASHAA), the Asbestos Hazard Emergency 
Response Act (AHERA), the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act (ASHARA), the Residential Lead-Based 
Paint Hazard Reduction Act (Title X of TSCA), and EPA’s 33/50 program. The information service operates Monday through 
Friday, 8:30 am to 5:00 pm EST. The information service can be reached by telephone at (202)554-1404, by fax at (202) 554- 
5603, or by e-mail attsca-hotline@epa.gov. 


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INFORMATION CENTERS, TRAINING, AND OTHER RESOURCES 


Training Information 

Training courses and programs that can be useful for brownfields stakeholders, particularly those involved in technology 

selection, are identified below. 

• EPA’s Training-Exchange (TRAINEX), an Internet site that provides a range of training information for representatives of 
federal, state, local, and tribal agencies, is intended primarily for individuals involved in hazardous waste management 
and remediation. The site provides information about more than 65 classroom and Internet-based classes as well as 
schedules for their delivery. Visit the TRAINEX Web site at www.trainex.org for additional information. 

• EPA’s “Streamlined Investigation and Cleanups Using the Triad Approach” training course is a moderate to advanced- 
level training program that provides participants an introduction to a wide array of innovative technologies and 
approaches that can be used to characterize hazardous waste sites. The class stresses the importance of the planning 
process and the use of field-based measurement technologies and on-site data assessment techniques. Participants 
will be introduced to the Triad approach and methods for better understanding, planning, and implementing monitoring 
strategies to improve cleanup at lower costs. In addition, participants will be provided an overview of several of the field 
analytical and rapid sampling technologies that can support streamlined measurement approaches. For information 
about the program and the schedule for its delivery, visit the TRAINEX Web site at www.trainex.org ; select “CERCLA 
Education Center (CEC).” 

• Information about upcoming courses provided by a variety of federal and nonfederal organizations is provided on 
OSRTI’s CLU-IN Web site at www.clu-in.org, select “Courses and Conferences” under “What’s Hot? What’s New?” 

• The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) also offers many technical and professional training 
opportunities, such as training on environmental site assessment processes, that may be of interest to brownfields 
decision-makers. For more information, visit ASTM’s Web site at www.astm.org/TRAIN. 


Triad Resource Center 

The Triad is an innovative approach to decision-making for hazardous waste site characterization and 
remediation. The Triad approach employs new characterization and treatment tools, using work strategies 
developed by innovative and successful site professionals. The Triad Resource Center provides the 
information that hazardous waste site managers and cleanup practitioners need to implement the Triad 
approach effectively. The Triad Web site provides an overview of Triad; information on its management, regulatory, and 
technical components; user experiences; and references and resources for additional information. For additional 
information on Triad, visit the Web site at www.triadcentral.org. 



♦ Background • Introduction • Before You Begin * Site Assess estigation • Cleanup Options ♦ Cleanup Design and Implementation 17 











H 


K 





icMs 


M A 



Site 

Investigation 
See page 39 


Is there evidence 
of possible 
contamination? 

-ET 





Was contamination 
found? 





7l\— 
































































































End 

Brownfields 

Project 


Can the project still 
occur given the 
cleanup options? 


Cleanup 
Design and 
Implementation 

See page 82 


Is there a practical 
redevelopment or 
reuse alternative? 


Assessment of 
Cleanup Options 
See page 58 


Was contamination 
removed, 
contained, 
or controlled? 


Work with appropriate 
government agencies to 
mitigate the immediate 
threat 


Can risks be managed 
adequately or addressed to 
the satisfaction of 
stakeholders in light of 
identified/proposed reuse? 


Does contamination 
pose an immediate 
threat to local 
residents? 


Consult 

\l/ appropriate 
government 
^ y regulatory 
agencies/ 
requirements 


Can 

redevelopment 
occur without the 
need for cleanup? 


^development 




19 



















































































































































ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


SITE ASSESSMENT 


Collect and Assess Information 
About the Brownfields Site 



The purpose of this step is to evaluate the potential 
for contamination at a particular site by collecting 
and reviewing existing information. The site 
assessment, typically referred to as an ASTM Phase I 
environmental site assessment, is an initial 
investigation usually limited to a search of historical 
records. The data collected also includes 
information about past and current environmental 
conditions and historical uses of the site. The site 
assessment is the most crucial step in the 
brownfields process, because any further 
environmental investigation and cleanup will hinge 
on whether potential environmental concerns are 
identified during that phase. 

During the site assessment phase, it is important to 
consider the activities and requirements described in 
the subsequent chapters and determine how they 
will be affected by the initial site assessment. 

Because the information obtained in this phase will 
determine whether any future work must be done at 
the site, the site assessment must be thorough and 
tailored to meet specific data objectives. As 
discussed in the section Before You Begin, decisions 
made about the end use of a site and the long-term 
goals of the brownfields project will determine the 
types and quantity of data that must be collected, as 
well as the level of quality the data must attain. The 
data quality objectives (DQO), in turn, will serve as 
the basis upon which the best decisions will be 
made about the most appropriate technologies and 
techniques to be used in collecting and analyzing 
the data at a particular site (see Appendix B, List of 
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms, for a 
definition of DQO). 

The Triad approach is applicable to many elements 
of monitoring and measurement activities that occur 
on site - from early investigations aimed at risk 
estimation, through designing, implementing, and 
monitoring the implementation of a remedy. The key 
to the Triad approach, and the benefit to brownfields 
sites, is that decisions are made with the full 
consideration of existing information developed 
during past site use and cleanup activities, and with 
a thorough understanding of how the site might be 
reused. Using this approach, activities are 
performed that target the principal sources of 
uncertainty that can affect the confidence of site 
decisions. Use of the Triad approach for site 



20 





















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


assessments at brownfields sites allows decision¬ 
makers to economically collect the volume and 
quality of data necessary to reassure regulators and 
communities that a property is safe for reuse. 

The data collected during this initial step of the 
cleanup process is extremely important for use in 
identifying and evaluating the applicability of site 
assessment and cleanup technologies, as well as in 
determining whether the property can be cleaned up 
to the level necessary for its intended reuse. If it is 
carefully planned, some of the follow-on work, such 
as limited sampling, may also be accomplished 
during this phase. The site assessment also can 
provide a preliminary indication of what types of 
cleanup technologies might be available. It also is 
essential to assess and address the needs and 
concerns of the community (for example, the 
development of social and economic profiles and the 
identification of acceptable environmental risk). 

Technologies that detect possible contamination in 
the air may be applicable at this stage as well as 
some analytical sampling technologies useful for 
assessing contamination in soil or groundwater. 
Examples of sampling and analysis technologies 
that may be applicable during this phase are 
presented in Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies 
for Analyzing Contaminants at Brownfields Sites. 
However, the use of technologies may be somewhat 
limited, since much of the work at this stage 
involves a search of paper and electronic records. 

The following section is intended as a general planning 
guide and is not a comprehensive listing of assessment 
activities required under state and federal regulations. 
For a better understanding of these requirements, users 
should consult the references identified and work with 
their appropriate regulatory authority. 



Factors that should be considered during this phase 
include: 

1. Has a redevelopment plan been prepared or a 
proposed end use identified? Is the site located in 
an area targeted for redevelopment? Is the site 
located in an industrial area? Will it remain 
industrial or be rezoned for commercial use? Is a 
residential development planned? Will 


community members who use the property be 
exposed directly to the soil or sediment? 

2. What data are needed to support the long-term 
goals of the project, address concerns related to it, 
and ensure its acceptability? What decisions 
need to be made, and what data should be 
collected to support those decisions? What level 
of quality is necessary and what level of 
uncertainty is acceptable to meet those goals? 

3. What is known about the site? What records 
exist that indicate potential contamination and 
past use of the property? Have other 
environmental actions occurred (such as notices 
of violation)? Has an environmental audit been 
conducted? What information is needed to 
identify the types and extent or the absence of 
contamination? 

4. If the site is located in an area targeted for 
redevelopment, is the site being considered for 
cleanup under a federal or state Superfund 
cleanup initiative? 

5. Will the site be entered into a Voluntary Cleanup 
Program (VCP)? If not, what agency (federal, state, 
local, or tribal) would be responsible for managing 
oversight of cleanup? Are there other federal, 
state, local, or tribal regulatory requirements for 
site assessment? (See the definition of a VCP in 
Appendix B, List of Acronyms and Glossary of 
Key Terms) 

6. What are the special needs and concerns of the 
community? How can community involvement be 
encouraged and meaningful? How will 
community views be solicited? 

7. What environmental conditions will the 
community find acceptable? What environmental 
standards should be considered to ensure that 
community stakeholders are satisfied with the 
outcome of the cleanup, in light of the identified 
and proposed reuse? 

8. If the site shows evidence of contamination, who 
and what will be affected? Who will pay for the 
cleanup? Who will be responsible for long-term 
monitoring and oversight, particularly if residual 
contamination is left in place? 

The following figure depicts the linkages among the 

decisions to be made, the data to be collected, and the 

selection of technologies to expedite the collection of 

data. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 21 










ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Unking the Decision, Data, and Technologies 



WHA 7 DOES THE DA TA TELL ME? 


Evaluate/Interpret Data: 

Can decision(s) be made? 

Can question(s) be answered? 


NO YES 


TAKE APPROPRIA TE ACTION 

Based on the decision made or question answered. 


How Do We Find the Answers? 


Activities to be conducted during the initial survey of 

a site include: 

• Establish the technical team and take advantage of 
the team's expertise to determine the adequacy of 
existing site information and identify potential 
data gaps 

• Ensure that the brownfields decision-makers (such 
as regulators; citizens; property owners; and 
technical staff, such as chemists and toxicologists) 
are involved in the decision-making process 

• Develop the conceptual site model (CSM). The 
CSM is the planning tool that organizes existing 
site information, provides a framework to identify 
project goals and data gaps, and directs site 
activities and team communications. 

• Identify future plans for reuse and redevelopment 
and goals of the site 

• Identify data that must be collected to support the 
goals of the site 

• Determine whether contamination is likely 
through the conduct of an ASTM Phase I 
environmental site assessment or its equivalent. A 
records search is performed and the site is visited, 
but no sampling of soil or groundwater occurs. 

The effort includes the following activities: 

- Identify past owners and the uses they made of the 
property by conducting a title search and reviewing 
tax documents, sewer maps, aerial photographs, and 
fire, policy, and health department documentation 
related to the property 

- Review and analyze city government and other 
historical records to identify past use or disposal of 
hazardous or other waste materials at the site 

- Review federal and state lists that identify sites that may 
have environmental contamination; such lists include, 
but are not limited to: (1) EPA's Comprehensive 
Environmental Response, Compmsation, and Liability 
Information System (CERCLIS) of potentially 
contaminated sites, (2) the National Pollutant Discharge 
Elimination System (NPDES) of permits issued for 
discharges into surface water, and (3) state records of 

“emergency removal" actions (for example, the removal 
of leaking drums or the excavation of explosive waste) 

- Interview property owners, occupants, and others 
associated with the site, such as previous employees, 
residents, and local planners 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


- Perform a physical or visual examination of the site, 
including examination of existing structures for 
structural integrity and asbestos-containing material 

- Test for the presence of various contaminants; for 
example, lead-based paint, asbestos, and radon in 
structures 

The practice of conducting site assessments, or all 
appropriate inquiries, is intended to satisfy one 
requirement for obtaining protection from CERCLA 
liability. To obtain protection from CERCLA liability 
as a bona fide prospective purchaser, an innocent 
landowner, or a contiguous property owner; 
prospective property owners must conduct all 
appropriate inquiries, or a phase I site assessment, 
prior to acquiring a property. The Brownfields Law 
requires EPA to promulgate federal standards and 
practices governing the conduct of all appropriate 
inquiries. The Law also established interim 
standards for conducting "all appropriate inquiry" 
to determine the environmental condition of a 
property prior to its acquisition. The interim 
standard for properties purchased after May 31, 

1997, which remains in place until EPA promulgates 
a final rule establishing federal standards for all 
appropriate inquiries, is the ASTM E1527-97 or 
ASTM E1527-00, entitled "Standard Practice for 
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I 
Environmental Site Assessment Process." Spotlight 
3 on page 34 provides additional information on the 
requirements for all appropriate inquiries. 

Review the applicability of government oversight 
programs: 

- Determine whether there is a state VCP and consult 
with the appropriate federal, state, local, and tribal 
regulatory agencies to include them in the decision¬ 
making process as early as possible 

- Determine the approach (such as redevelopment 
programs, the Superfund program, property transfer 
laws, or a state Brownfields Program) that is required 
or available to facilitate the cleanup of sites (see the 
section, Before You Begin, for an overview of 
applicable regulations and regulatory guidelines) 

- Identify whether economic incentives, such as benefits 
from state Brownfields Programs, or federal 
brownfields tax credits, can be obtained 

- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to 
identify and determine the availability of EPA support 
programs and federal financial incentives (see Appendix 
C, Eist of Brownfields and Technical Support Contacts) 

Determine how to incorporate and encourage 
community participation: 


- Identify regulatory requirements for public 
involvement (see page 15 in the section, Before You 
Begin, for a description of community services 
provided by HSRCs) 

- Assess community interest in the project 

- Identify community-based organizations 

- Review any community plans for redevelopment 

• Identify factors that may impede redevelopment 
and reuse 

• Begin identifying potential sources for funding site 
investigation and cleanup activities at the site, if 
necessary 

• Examine unacceptable environmental conditions in 
terms of initial costs for site improvement and long¬ 
term costs for operation and maintenance —include 
potential cleanup options and constraints that may 
affect redevelopment, such as project schedules, 
cost, and potential for achieving the desired reuse 

• Conduct work at the site and collect data as 
necessary to define site conditions or to resolve 
uncertainties related to the site 


Examples of technology resources that are available to 
assist in assessing a site are listed below. The 
resources are listed alphabetically under the 
following categories 

A. Resources for Site Assessment 

B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Assessment 

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site Assessment 

Although many of the resources are more applicable in 
later stages, it may be useful to begin thinking now 
about options and tools for investigation and cleanup. 

Access the Road Map online at 
www.brownfieldstsc.org to view or download the 
following resources electronically or to obtain a link 
that provides complete ordering information. 

A. Resources for Site Assessment 

The documents listed below are resources that 
provide general information about the availability of 
technology resources in the form of bibliographies, 
status reports, and user guidelines. 


Where Do We Find Answers to Our 
Technology Questions? 



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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



Archived Internet Seminars 

Through the CLU-IN Web site, EFA has 
presented numerous Internet Seminars 
covering a wide variety of technical topics 
related to hazardous waste characterization, 
monitoring, and remediation. For each seminar topic, 
EPA has selected the highest-quality offerings and 
placed them in archives that are accessible on the site. 
The seminars are Web-based slide presentations with 
an accompanying audio portion. Examples of archived 
seminars include the following: 

- Application of Transport Optimization Codes to 
Groundwater Pump-and-T reat Systems; 

- Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring - Parts 1 
and 2; 


- Dynamic Data Collection Strategy Using Systematic 
Planning and Innovative Field-Based Measurement 
Technologies; 

- In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with 
Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid (NAPL) Contamination: 
Fundamentals and Case Studies (In Situ Chemical 
Oxidation); 

- In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with 
NAPL Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies 
(NAPL Characterization and Related Cleanup Issues). 


Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined 
Site Investigations (EPA 542-R-00-001) 

Developed by EPA's BTSC, the resource will assist 
decision-makers on brownfields projects in evaluating 
the capabilities of contractors who are being 
considered to perform work in support of site 
investigations. The resource also identifies potential 
activities that contractors can perform to enhance the 
site investigation process through innovative 
approaches. A comprehensive series of questions that 
decision-makers can use in interviewing contractors 
and evaluating those contractors' qualifications is 
presented, followed by information about the relevance 
of the questions and potential answers to them. 



ASTM Standard Guide for Process of 
Sustainable Brownfields Development 
(E1984-03(2003)) 

The guide, which was developed by ASTM, 
discusses redevelopment of a brownfields 
property and is intended for all stakeholders. It 
identifies impediments to such redevelopment and 
suggests solutions that can facilitate completion of a 
successful project. It describes a flexible process of 
sustainable brownfields redevelopment that actively 


engages property owners, developers, government 
agencies, and the community in conducting corrective 
action, economic evaluation, and other efforts that 
promote the long-term productive reuse of a brownfields 
property. The guide, which is available at a cost, can be 
ordered online at www.astm.org. 



ASTM Standard Practice for 
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 
I Environmental Site Assessment Process 
(E1527-00(2003)) 

The purpose of the practice, which was 
developed by ASTM, is to define commercial and 
customary practices in the United States for conducting 
Phase I environmental site assessments of commercial 
real estate with respect to the range of contaminants 
within the scope of CERCLA, as well as petroleum 
products. Research and reporting requirements also 
are identified. The practice, which is available at a 
cost, can be ordered online at www.astm.org. 


Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad 
Approach to Streamline Brownfields Site 
Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002) 

This document, which was prepared by EPA's BTSC, 
provides an educational tool for site owners, project 
managers, and regulators to help streamline 
assessment and cleanup activities at brownfields 
sites. The primer also discusses strategies to reduce 
costs, decrease time frames, positively affect 
regulatory and community acceptance, and improve 
the economics of redevelopment at brownfields sites. 
The primer is organized in three sections: an 
introduction; a description of the three elements of the 
Triad approach, with examples describing the use of 
each element; and a discussion of the role of the 
technical team in managing a project, procurement 
considerations when a project is being planned, and 
decision-support software and other tools that are 
available to help brownfields site managers. 



Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to 
Support Modernization of Site Cleanup 
Practices (EPA 542-R-01-014) 

This report, which was developed by 
EPA, addresses the need to clarify DQO 
terminology use in order to support modernization of 
environmental restoration activities. The document 
presents a basic conceptual understanding of DQO- 
related terms in a way that facilitates systematic 
project planning in the context of site cleanups. A list 
of descriptions of DQO-related terms and concepts 
appears first in the report, followed by a more 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


detailed discussion of the interrelationships among 
the concepts. 


Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World 
Wide Web (CLU-IN) 

The Internet site, which was developed by EPA, provides 
information about innovative treatment technologies and 
site characterization technologies to the hazardous waste 
remediation community. CLU-IN describes programs, 
organizations, publications, and other tools for EPA and 
other federal and state personnel, consulting engineers, 
technology developers and vendors, remediation 
contractors, researchers, community groups, and 
individual citizens. Information about issues related to 
remediation and site characterization also is provided: 
technology verification and evaluation; technology 
selection tools; contaminant-specific information, 
guidance and application support; case studies; 
regulatory development; and publications. 


Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous 
Waste Site Investigations (EPA 600-R-00-007) 

The document focuses on the DQO process as the 
appropriate systematic planning process to support 
decision-making. The DQO process is an important 
tool for project managers and planners to use in 
defining the types, quality, and quantity of data 
needed to make defensible decisions. The document 
is based on the principles and steps developed in 
Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, but 
is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites. 
The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality 
Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final 
Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance: 
User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document 
focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is 
applicable to programs at the state and local levels. 


Data Quality Objectives Web Site 

The E>QO Web site, which is sponsored by E>OE, is a 
helpful resource for those responsible for preparing a 
data collection design. The Web site defines the DQO 
process and explains its role in ensuring that a data 
collection activity produces results of sufficient quality 
to support decisions based on those results. The Web 
site provides step-by-step procedures for the DQO 
process. It also provides a decision process flow chart, 
describes purposes and goals related to the use of the 
DQO process, and reviews relevant DOE and contractor 
directives. It also provides information on data quality 
assessment (QA); describes a number of available 
training courses; lists contacts; and provides glossaries 
of relevant terms, as well as links to related sites. 



Directory of Technical Assistance for Land 
Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001) 

EPA's BTSC has prepared the directory to 
provide information about technical 
assistance that is available from federal 
agencies to assist regional, state, and local government 
personnel in assessment and cleanup decision-making 
for brownfields reuse and revitalization. This directory 
includes information about 37 organizations within 10 
federal agencies that provide different types of support 
to help with site assessment and cleanup, including 
technical support and funding sources. Profiles are 
included for the agencies and organizations and 
contain the following types of information: background 
and location information, relevancy to revitalization, 
description of the areas of expertise available, 
discussion of the types of services available, types of 
funding available and eligibility, contact information 
and the process for requesting assistance, and examples 
of specific instances where the organization has 
previously provided support for site revitalization. 
Information in the profiles is believed to be current as of 
March 2003. To help maintain current information, the 
directory is available as an online searchable database 
at ivwiv.brownfieldstsc.org! directory . 


Engineering and Design: Requirements for the 
Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans (EM 
200-1-3) 

Developed by USACE, the manual provides guidance 
for the preparation of project-specific sampling and 
analysis plans (SAP) for the collection of 
environmental data. In addition, the manual presents 
default sampling and analytical protocols that may be 
used verbatim or modified based in light of the DQOs 
for a specific project. The goal of the manual is to 
promote consistency in the generation and execution 
of sampling and analysis plans and therefore to help 
investigators generate chemical data of known quality 
for the purpose to which those data are to be used. 


EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative 
Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable 
Database 

The EPA REmediation And CHaracterization 
Innovative Technologies (EPA REACH IT) online 
searchable databases sponsored by EPA's OSRTI is a 
service provided free of charge to both users and 
technology vendors. EPA REACH IT is accessible 
only through the Internet. This database provides 
users comprehensive, up-to-date information about 
more than 256 characterization technologies and 481 
remediation technologies and their applications. It 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


combines information submitted by technology 
service providers about remediation and 
characterization technologies with information from 
EPA, DoD, DOE, and state project managers about 
sites at which innovative technologies are being 
deployed. During the preliminary phase of a 
brownfields project, EPA REACH IT will assist 
brownfields stakeholders to learn about and become 
familiar with the range of available technology 
options that can be employed during the investigation 
and the cleanup phases that follow, as well as data 
about various types of sites. Information about 
analytical screening technologies that may be useful 
for initial sampling of a site also is provided. EPA 
updates all of the information available in the system 
about every six months. Technology vendors may 
also add or update information in EPA REACH IT at 
any time through the Data Entry System, or by 
submitting information by mail. You can search the 
EPA REACH IT system in several ways. Various 
search options are available for a user on the home 
page, including Custom Search; Spotlight; Most 
Common Searches; Saved Searches; Guided Search; 
and Vendor, Technology, and Site Index. For 
questions about whether a technology is eligible for 
listing in EPA REACH IT, the user may contact the 
EPA REACH IT help line at (800) 245-4505 or (703) 
390-0713 or send an e-mail to epareachit@ttemi.com. 

Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method 
(Ames Laboratory Environmental Technologies 
Development Program) 

This Web site, which was developed by DOE, provides 
information about demonstrations of the ESC method 
conducted by the Ames Laboratory Environmental 
Technology Development Program. The ESC 
demonstrations employ several technologies such as 
hydrological technologies to better understand the 
properties and physical characteristics of groundwater 
movement; geophysical and geotechnical technologies 
to improve understanding of the subsurface geology 
and predict “fate and transport" of the target 
contaminants; analytical technologies designed to 
detect and quantify the target contaminants; and data 
fusion technologies to integrate site information into a 
conceptual site model. The ESC demonstrations 
include characterization work performed by 
commercial contractors at existing contaminated sites. 
Public sessions provide a forum for citizens, media, 
state and local government officials, EPA and state 
regulators, technology providers, environmental 
scientists, engineers and educators to offer input on 
this new approach and its role within the 
environmental cleanup process. 


Improving Decision Quality: Making the Case for 
Adopting Next-Generation Site Characterization 
Practices 

This paper, which was published in Remediation in 
spring 2003 as a joint effort of EPA OSRTI and the 
Northeast Waste Management Officials' Association 
(NEWMOA), addresses developments in site 
characterization and the barriers that hinder 
improved decision-making. The paper discusses the 
need for the site cleanup industry to continue its 
technical advancement by using next-generation 
models based on current scientific understanding. It 
addresses data quality assessments and the impacts 
of matrix heterogeneity on analytical results. The 
paper also discusses the use of the Triad approach - 
systematic project planning, dynamic work planning 
strategies, and real-time data generation - as a means 
of moving beyond existing data paradigms. 

Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data 
Management for Site Investigation and 
Cleanup (EPA 542-F-04-001a) 

The document, which was published by 
EPA, describes the three-pronged Triad 
approach that forms the basis of EPA's national 
strategy for site characterization and assessment. 

This streamlined approach to site assessment focuses 
on systematic planning to ensure the effective use of 
resources; preparation of a dynamic work plan to 
support decision-making in the field; and use of on¬ 
site analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and 
on-site data interpretation. Following the discussion 
of the Triad approach to site investigation, the 
document briefly reviews a number of recent 
developments that promise marked benefits for 
cleanup efforts and sets forth the EPA's vision of 
defensible decisions at an affordable cost that is the 
goal of the national strategy. The document can be 
downloaded from CLU-IN under “Publications." See 
Spotlight 7, “The Triad Approach," for a more 
detailed description of the approach. 

In Search of Representativeness: 

Evolving the Environmental Data Quality 

ffSff fwMii Model 

This paper, which was published by EPA 
* OSRTI, discusses the need to update the 
environmental data quality model to recognize and 
manage the uncertainties involved in generating 
representative data from heterogeneous environmental 
matrices. It discusses issues associated with data 
quality despite improvements in environmental 
analytical capabilities. The paper also discusses the 



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gradually increasing acceptance of new technologies 
and dynamic work plan strategies by regulators and 
cleanup practitioners. The complete reference for the 
paper is as follows: Quality Assurance, Volume 9 
(2001/2002), Pages 179 through 190. 


OnSite OnLine Tools for Site Assessment 
Developed by EPA's ORD and EPA Region 9, the Web 
site offers a set of online tools for site assessment, 
including calculators for formulas, models, unit 
conversion factors, and scientific demonstrations for use 
in assessing the effects of contaminants in groundwater. 

Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting 
Brownfields Site Assessments (EPA 540-R-98-038) 
The document informs brownfields site managers about 
concepts and issues related to QA and provides step- 
by-step instructions for identifying the type and quality 
of environmental data needed to present a clear picture 
of the environmental conditions at a given site. 



Sustainable Management Approaches 
and Revitalization Tools - electronic 
(SMARTe) 

The SMARTe web-based decision support 
tool is a cooperative effort of EPA, ITRC, 
and the German Federal Ministry for Education and 
Research. It is designed to aid stakeholders in 
identifying, applying, and integrating tools and 
technologies to facilitate the revitalization of 
potentially contaminated sites in the United States. 
Currently, SMARTe contains information and 
databases that allow project stakeholders to assess 
both market and non-market costs and benefits of 
redevelopment options, clarify private and public 
financing options, evaluate and communicate 
environmental risks and opportunities, and access 
relevant state-specific information. By October 2007, 
SMARTe will use expert system technology to 
integrate environmental, social and economic issues 
in a multi-criteria decision analysis so that 
stakeholders can evaluate alternative reuse scenarios. 


Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX) 
SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information 
about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of 
the Web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working 
in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous 
waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can 
assist users who are looking for a sensor technology to 
meet a specific need. The discussion forum also 
matches developers, vendors, and users. Users can 
provide sensor-related information online. The site 
was developed by WPI, a nonprofit organization, 
under a cooperative agreement with EPA. 



Superfund Representative Sampling 
Guidance 

In this December 1995 EPA Superfund 
guidance, readers learn about the variables 
that relate to site-specific conditions, 
sampling design approaches, and techniques for 
collection and preparation of representative samples. 
The guidance also discusses the importance of the 
conceptual site model (CSM). Accuracy of sampling 
data is critical for project managers and field personnel 
to accurately characterize actual site conditions when 
identifying threats, delineating the sources and extent 
of contamination, and confirming the achievement of 
cleanup standards. The guidance is available in five 
volumes covering soil (EPA 540-R-95-141), water 
(publication number not available), waste (EPA 540-R- 
95-141), air (EPA 540-R-95-140), and biological 
materials (EPA 540-R-97-028). 



Technical and Regulatory Guidance for 
the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for 
Environmental Project Management 

This document, which was prepared by 
ITRC's Sampling, Characterization and 
Monitoring (SCM) Team, introduces the Triad 
approach as an integrated package of concepts 
leading to modernized practices for conducting 
contaminated site work. It explains the relationship 
of the Triad to existing approaches such as the DQO 
process, lists the advantages and disadvantages of 
the Triad, and notes regulatory and organizational 
barriers that may present obstacles to its use. 


B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Assessment 

Listed below are survey reports and online tools 
pertaining to the application of innovative 
technologies to specific contaminants and site types. 



EPA Office of Enforcement and 
Compliance Assurance Industry Sector 
Notebooks 

Developed by EPA's Office of Enforcement 
and Compliance Assurance (OECA), the 
sector notebooks provide extensive profiles of selected 
major industries. Each profile includes information 
about an industrial process, information about 
pollution prevention techniques, pollutant release 
data, pertinent federal statutes and regulations, 
compliance and enforcement data, information on 
government and industry partnerships, descriptions 


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of innovative programs, and bibliographic references. 
Profiles are available online and on hard copy for the 
following industry sectors: 

- Aerospace (EPA 310-R-98-001) 

- NEW! Agricultural chemical , pesticide and fertilizer 
(EPA 310-R-00-003) 

- NEW! Agricultural crop production 
(EPA 310-R-00-001) 

- NEW! Agricultural livestock production 
(EPA 310-R-01-002) 

- Air transportation (EPA 310-R-97-001) 

- Dry cleaning (EPA 310-R-95-001) 

- Electronics and computer (EPA 310-R-95-002) 

- Fossil fuel electronic power generation 
(EPA 310-R-97-007) 

- Ground transportation (EPA 310-R-97-002) 

- Inorganic chemical (EPA 310-R-95-004) 

- Iron and steel (EPA 310-R-95-005) 

- Lumber and wood products (EPA 310-R-95-006) 

- Metal casting (EPA 310-R-97-004) 

- Metal fabrication (EPA 310-R-95-007) 

- Metal mining (EPA 310-R-95-008) 

- Motor vehicle assembly (EPA 310-R-95-009) 

- Nonferrous metals (EPA 310-R-95-010) 

- Nonfiiel, nonmetal mining (EPA 310-R-95-011) 

- Oil and gas extractions (EPA 310-R-99-006) 

- UPDATED! Organic chemical (EPA 310-R-95-012) 

- Petroleum refining (EPA 310-R-95-013) 

- Pharmaceutical (EPA 310-R-97-005) 

- Plastic resins and manmade fibers (EPA 310-R-97-006) 

- UPDATED! Printing (EPA 310-R-95-014) 

- Pulp and paper (EPA 310-R-95-015) 

- Rubber and plastic (EPA 310-R-95-016) 

- Shipbuilding and repair (EPA 310-R-97-008) 

- Stone, clay, glass, and concrete (EPA 310-R-95-017) 

- Textiles (EPA 310-R-97-009) 

- Transportation equipment cleaning (EPA 310-R-95-018) 

- Water transportation (EPA 310-R-97-003) 

- Wood furniture and fixtures (EPA 310-R-95-003) 

EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets 

Developed by EPA Region 3, the fact sheets are 
designed to assist in the initial planning and 
evaluation of sites that are under consideration for 
remediation, redevelopment, or reuse. The fact sheets 
provide general descriptions of site conditions and 
contaminants commonly found at selected industrial 


sites. Each fact sheet provides information about the 
processes conducted in the industry, raw materials 
characteristic of the industry, environmental media 
that could be affected, sampling strategies, and 
suggested parameters for analysis. Fact sheets on the 
following subjects are available online: 

- Abandoned chemical facilities 

- Abandoned laboratories 

- Abandoned oil facilities 

- Asbestos piles 

- Automobile body facilities 

- Battery reclamation facilities 

- Bethlehem asbestos and tailing mine 

- Drum recycling facilities 

- Dye facilities 

- Electroplating 

- Glass manufacturing facilities 

- Gasoline stations 

- Infectious wastes 

- Manufactured gas plants and coal tar sites 

- Municipal landfill 

- Ordnance 

- Paint industry 

- Pesticide facilities 

- Petroleum recycling facilities 

- Plastics 

- Print shops 

- Quarry sites 

- Radiation 

- Railroad yard facilities 

- Salvage yards 

- Scrap metal 

- Steel manufacturing - electric arc/coke 

- Tanning facilities 

- Tire fires 

- Wood treating facilities 

Frequently Asked Questions about Dry Cleaning 
(EPA 744-K-98-002) 

The EPA fact sheet addresses a number of issues related 
to dry cleaning, including EPA's interest in dry cleaning, 
the process of dry cleaning, the human health and 
environmental risks associated with chemical solvents 
used in the dry cleaning process, what dry cleaners and 
the government are doing to reduce those risks, and other 
methods of cleaning clothes. The document lists 
additional sources of information about dry cleaning 
and EPA's Design for the Environment Program. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center of 
Expertise (MCX) and Design Center 

The mission of the Ordnance and Explosives MCX 
and Design Center, which is hosted by the U.S. 
Army Engineering and Support Center in 
Huntsville, Alabama, is to safely eliminate or 
reduce risks posed by ordnance, explosives, and 
recovered chemical warfare materials at current or 
formerly used defense sites. The Internet site 
provides links to information about technical 
requirements for contracting; fact sheets on 
ordnance and explosives programs; frequently 
asked questions related to ordnance response 
actions; innovative technologies, presentations, 
and technical papers; and technical guidance and 
procedures related to ordnance and explosives. 
Points of contact also are identified. 

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site 
Assessment 

The documents listed below provide detailed 
information about specific innovative technologies 
and the application of those processes to specific 
contaminants and media in the form of engineering 
analyses, application reports, technology 
verification and evaluation reports, and technology 
reviews. 



Dry Cleaner Site Assessment & 
Remediation - A Technology Snapshot 

In this report, the State Coalition for 
Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) 
evaluates trends in the use of technologies 
to address dry cleaner sites across the country over 
the last 3 years. The analysis is based on the 
responses of 28 states to a 2002 SCRD survey and 
comparison of these responses to those from a 
similar survey conducted in 1999. SCRD gathered 
information on technologies that states have used or 
evaluated for assessment and remediation of 
solvent-contaminated dry cleaning sites as well as 
program- and project-specific information 
concerning contaminant types, general costs, 
technologies, cleanup standards, guidance 
documents, and lessons learned. 


Study of Assessment and Remediation 
Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites 

Prepared by SCRD with the support of EPA's OSRTI, 
the report presents the results of the coalition's 
evaluation of assessment and remediation 
technologies commonly used in cleaning up dry 
cleaner sites. The evaluation was based on the results 


of responses to questionnaires sent to entities involved 
in such cleanups in 1999. The report presents those 
results in detail. An appendix in the report provides 
descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment 
technologies frequently used at dry cleaner sites. 

Underground Storage Tanks and Brownfields Sites 
(EPA 510-F-00-004) 

The fact sheet focuses on EPA's "USTfields" Initiative 
for addressing brownfields properties at which 
redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived 
environmental contamination originating from 
federally regulated USTs. The fact sheet describes the 
50 pilot projects implemented or to be implemented 
under the two phases of the initiative. 


Where Do We Go from Here? 

i i i i 

Kit 


Next Steps 


Result of Site Assessment 

No evidence of 
contamination is found 
and there is no reason to 
suspect other media are 
contaminated. Concerns 
of stakeholders have 
been addressed 
adequately. 


Course of Action 

Discuss results with 
appropriate regulatory officials 
before proceeding with 
redevelopment activities. 


Contamination is found Contact the appropriate federal, 
that poses a significant state, local, or tribal 

risk to human health or government agencies 
the environment. responsible for hazardous 

ivaste. Based on feedback of 
government agency, determine 
what cleanup levels are 
required for redevelopment, 
and proceed to the SITE 
INVESTIGATION phase. 


Contamination possibly 

Proceed to the SITE 

exists. 

INVESTIGATION phase. 

Contamination definitely 

Proceed to the SITE 

exists, BUT no site 
investigation has been 
conducted. 

INVESTIGATION phase. 

Contamination 

Proceed to the SITE 

definitely exists, 

AND a site 

investigation has been 
performed. 

INVESTIGATION phase if 
additional investigation is 
needed; otherwise, proceed to 
the CLEANUP OPTIONS 

phase. 


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OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES: 

Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites 


a Superfund Redevelc 
■ Initiative 


In partnership with states, tribes, territories, and a broad 
range of stakeholders, EPA is undertaking the Land 
Revitalization Initiative to restore land to productive 
economic and green space uses. In April 2003, EPA 
announced an action agenda to serve as a blueprint for 
incorporating land reuse into its Superfund, RCRA, 
brownfields, and UST hazardous waste cleanup 
programs. Land Reuse Coordinators and Land Reuse 
Teams have been established in each of EPA’s 10 
regional offices to ensure 
coordination among the cleanup 
programs in implementing the 
Land Revitalization Agenda. 

Additional information is 
available at iviviv.epa.gov/ 
oswer/landrevitalization. EPA 
has published the Directory of 
Technical Assistance for Land 
Revitalization (EPA542-B-03- 
001) to provide information about 
technical assistance that is 
available from EPA and other 
federal agency programs. The 
document is available at 
www. brownfieldstsc. org . 


RCRA Brownfields 
Prevention Initiative 




^ TSE Initiative 
^iUSTFields Initiative 
BRAC Program 




A Quick Look 


The Superfund 
Redevelopment 
Initiative (SRI) reflects 
EPA’s commitmentto 
consider reasonably 
anticipated future land uses 
when making remedy decisions for 
Superfund sites so that these sites can be cleaned up to be 
protective for future users of the land. Because Superfund 

and brownfields sites are often co¬ 
located, there are many 
opportunities to share information, 
experiences, and lessons learned 
at the site level in addition to 
opportunities for transfer of ideas 
between programs at other levels. 
Spotlight 2 provides more detailed 
information about Superfund 
Redevelopment. 


At the same time that EPA began 
its Land Revitalization Initiative, 
the Agency also announced the 
One Cleanup Program, a long¬ 
term initiative designed to support 
the ongoing planning and quality 
improvement efforts of EPA’s 
cleanup programs. The goal of 
the program is to improve the 

coordination, speed, and ^__ 

effectiveness of cleanups at RCRA and Superfund, 
brownfields, leaking UST, federal facility, and other 
contaminated sites. By encouraging improved 
coordination among EPA programs and with government 
at all levels, the One Cleanup Program supports the 
transfer of ideas, experiences, and innovations across all 
programs as well as effective coordination and . 
communication with the public. More information about 
EPA’s Once Cleanup Program is available at 
www.epa.gov/swerrims/onecleanupprogram. 


EPA’s Land Revitalization Initiative was 
established to incorporate land reuse into 
the Agency’s cleanup programs. 

The One Cleanup Program establishes 
activities to improve the pace, efficiency, 
and effectiveness of EPA’s cleanup 
programs through improved 
communication and coordination. 

EPA is addressing redevelopment of 
Superfund sites through SRI. 

The purpose of the RCRA Brownfields 
Prevention Initiative is to prevent creation 
of future brownfields and ensure 
successful cleanup and long-term, 
sustainable reuse of RCRA facilities. 

Under the RCRA Brownfields Prevention 
TSE Initiative, selected sites will receive 
concentrated, short-term supportto prevent 
them from becoming brownfields sites. 
EPA’s OUST supports the cleanup and 
redevelopment of petroleum-contaminated 
sites. 

Sharing of lessons learned can benefit the 
BRAC and Brownfields Programs. 


Under EPA’s RCRA Brownfields 
Prevention Initiative, pilot projects 
are designed to test approaches that 
better integrate reuse considerations 
into the corrective action cleanup 
process. The initiative also 
addresses concerns that application 
of RCRA to cleanup activities at 
brownfields sites may be slowing 
the progress of cleanup efforts. 
Although no grant money is 
associated with the pilot projects, 
EPA has engaged contractors to 
help find ways to expedite cleanup 


_ at the pilot sites. Additional 
^ information about the RCRA 
Brownfields Prevention Initiative is provided online at 
www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/rcrabf.htm. 

The RCRA Brownfields Prevention Targeted Site Efforts 
(TSE) Initiative is intended to focus short-term attention and 
support on sites at which cleanup has been delayed or 
slowed and to serve as a catalyst to initiate cleanup at such 
sites in order to prevent them from becoming brownfields 
sites. Implemented at the regional level, the TSE program 
will apply to sites that have significant potential for 

_ Continued on next page 


30 







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Continued ... OTHER REDEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES: j 

Reducing Barriers to Redevelopment of Brownfields Sites 


redevelopment and reuse and that require a limited amount 
of EPA support to achieve the next level of cleanup, 
consensus, or site closure. EPA will offer a small amount 
of funding to support TSE efforts in each region. For more 
information about the program, visit www.epa.gov/ 
swerospslrcrab1ltse.htm. 

EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST), 

focuses on how to improve the cleanup of sites affected 
by petroleum contamination, thereby fostering the 
redevelopment of those sites (see Spotlight 4, 
Underground Storage Tanks at Brownfields Sites, for 
more information about the USTFields Initiative). 
Additional details about the initiative also are available 
online at www.epa.gov/oust/rags/ustfield.htm. 


Many aspects of DoD’s Base Realignment and Closure 
(BRAC) Program and EPA’s Brownfields Program are 
similar. Significant issues common to both programs 
include eliminating disincentives and providing 
assurances to developers and financiers, considering 
future land use in cleanup decisions, and implementing 
institutional controls. Because federal facility and 
brownfields cleanups can have similar effects on 
communities, EPA and DoD are exploring methods of 
coordinating BRAC and brownfields activities. Visit the 
BRAC Internet site at www.dtic.mil/envirodod/brac/ for 
online access to relevant policies and initiatives, 
publications, and points of contact. 


v_ 


♦ Background • Introduction • Before You Bogin • SitG AsssssmGnt • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 31 






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SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT 


EPA’s Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI) 
reflects its commitment to consider reasonably 
anticipated future land uses when making remedy 
decisions at Superfund hazardous waste sites so that 
these sites can be cleaned up to be protective of human 
health and the environment under future uses. Through 
case studies, fact sheets, an online database of sites, and 
an Internet site, SRI is providing information about reuse 
options and the lessons learned through these projects. 

It is forming partnerships with 
states, local government agencies, 
citizen groups, and other federal 
agencies to restore previously 
contaminated properties as 
valuable assets for communities. 

Some of SRI’s most valuable 
partnerships are with private 
groups with national 
memberships. For example, the 
U.S. Soccer Foundation provides 
free design and engineering 
services and sports equipment to 
communities that want to build 
soccer fields on Superfund land 
that has been cleaned up, and 
where EPA has determined that 
recreational use is appropriate. 

The Academy of Model 
Aeronautics also has an 
agreement with SRI to provide 
services, such as mowing and 
fence maintenance, on cleaned-up land in return for 
SRI’s help in identifying suitable Superfund land that can 
used by their membership for flying model airplanes. 

SRI is exploring similar arrangements with partners that 
want to make agreements with local communities for 
appropriate use of cleaned-up properties. These partners 
contribute their services and expertise to communities in 
exchange for use of the land. SRI contributes 
information about suitable sites and contacts with 
Regional staff and local stakeholders. EPA also is 
committed to the ongoing evaluation of its policies and 
practices to determine whether changes are needed to 
further the effort to reuse sites. 

Passage of the Brownfields Law in January 2002 clarified 
CERCLA liability provisions for landowners and potential 
property owners including the requirement to conduct all 


appropriate inquiries into 
the previous ownership, 
uses, and environmental 
conditions of a property. 

Spotlight 3 provides 
additional information on 
All Appropriate Inquiry. 

On November 10, 2004, EPA 

announced a new 
phase of SRI, the “Return to 
Use” initiative. The Initiative 
focuses on National Priorities List 
sites that were cleaned up before 
EPA’s current emphasis on 
considering reuse during 
response activities. Many of these 
sites have remained vacant. 
Returning these sites to beneficial 
use will provide local 
communities with valuable green 
space, recreational amenities, or 
commercial property. Removing 
the stigma associated with fenced 
and vacant Superfund sites may 
also increase local property values 
and the tax base. As part of the 
Initiative, EPA is committed to 
reviewing remedies in place to 
determine whether there are 
relatively modest ways to remove 
barriers to reuse that are not 
necessary for the protection of human health and the 
environment or the remedy. Such actions might include 
modifying fences that are no longer necessary, issuing 
Ready for Reuse (RfR) Determinations that identify how a 
site can be used while maintaining protection of people 
and the environment, eliminating misleading signs and 
unnecessary obstacles when conditions at the site no 
longer merit them, and ensuring that institutional controls 
are appropriate and effective. 

As a starting point for the Initiative, EPA is establishing 
demonstration projects through partnerships with 
communities to overcome obstacles to reuse. For its part, EPA 
will: 

• Perform appropriate risk and remedy analyses to 
support decisions that consider reuse of sites. 

• Issue RfR Determinations. 

Continued on next page 


A Quick Look 

For several years EPA has supported 
community efforts to return Superfund 
sites to use through the SRI. 

The “Return to Use” initiative focuses on 
National Priorities List sites that were 
cleaned up before EPA’s current 
emphasis on considering reuse during 
response activities. 

EPA will review remedies in place to 
identify alterations to the remedy to 
encourage reuse. 

EPA’s new Ready for Reuse 
Determination is a tool that is used to 
indicate to the marketplace a property’s 
suitability for reuse. 

EPA will establish demonstration projects 
through partnerships with communities to 
overcome obstacles to reuse. 



32 


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------- 

^ Continued ... SUPERFUND REDEVELOPMENT 


• Direct communities to tools and resources, such as 
comfort letters and involuntary acquisition fact 
sheets, which relate to liability issues. 

• Connect communities with EPA’s national reuse 
partners, such as the U.S. Soccer Foundation. 

• Work with communities that are creating site reuse 
plans to ensure that the remedies will support the 
planned activities. 

The expectation for local communities is a commitment 
to the reuse of the Superfund site. Additional 
contributions will depend on the site’s needs and the 
community’s resources. 

The Superfund Redevelopment Help Desk at 
(434) 817-0470 provides Regional Superfund 
Redevelopment coordinators, RPMs, site attorneys, 

For more information see the resources numbered 
75, 77, 93, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 
131, 141, 147,152, 153,154, and 173 in the 
Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1. 

____ 


Key Resources 

Visit EPA’s SRI Web site at www.epa.gov/superfund/ 
programs/recycle for additional information on 
Superfund Redevelopment and the Return to Use 
Initiative. Related publications available on the site 
include: 

• Land Use in the CERCLA Remedy Selection Process: 
OSWER 9355.7-04. May 25,1995. 

• Reusing Superfund Sites: OSWER 9230.0-85. 

March, 2001 

• Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Recreational 
Use of Land Above Hazardous Waste Containment 
Areas: OSWER 9230.0-93: April 12,2001. 

• Reuse Assessments: A Tool To Implement the 
Superfund Land Use Directive: OSWER 9355.7-06P. 
June4,2001. 

• Reusing Superfund Sites: Commercial Use Where 
Waste is Left on Site: OSWER 9230.0-100, February 
26,2002. 

• Reusing Cleaned Up Superfund Sites: Golf Facilities 
Where Waste is Left on Site: OSWER 9230.0-109. 
November 20,2003. 

• Guidance for Preparing Superfund Ready for Reuse 
Determinations: OSWER 9365.0-33. February 12, 
2004. (JointOSRTI/OSRE guidance). 

• Guidance for Documenting and Reporting the 
Superfund Revitalization Performance Measures: 
OSWER 9202.1-26. November, 2004. 

• Superfund Redevelopment: Realizing Possibilities: 
Video 

• Frequently Asked Questions: Superfund 
Redevelopment Program 

• Frequently Asked Questions: Return to Use 
Program 


OSCs, CICs and other staff with information and 
assistance in carrying out Superfund reuse-related 
activities. It operates from 8 am to 5 pm, Monday 
through Friday, with voice mail service after hours. 


Ready for Reuse Determinations 

On February 18,2004, EPA issued its new Guidance for 
Preparing Superfund Ready for Reuse Determinations at 
Superfund sites). A RfR determination is a new type of 
document developed by the Agency to provide potential 
users of Superfund sites with an environmental status 
report that documents a technical determination by EPA, in 
consultation with states, tribes, and local governments, that 
all or a portion of a real estate property at a site can support 
specified types of uses and remain protective of human 
health and the environment. With this new guidance, EPA 
provides its staff with the information needed to make and 
document these determinations, and thus takes a major 
step forward in its effort to facilitate the reuse of Superfund 
sites. With the creation of the RfR determination, potential 
users and the real estate marketplace will have an 
affirmative statement written in plain English and 
accompanied by supporting decision documentation, that a 
site identified as ready for reuse will remain protective as 
long as all required response conditions and use limitations 
identified in the site’s response decision documents and 
land title documents continue to be met. 

A copy of this guidance is available at www.epa.gov/ 
superfundlprogramslrecyclelrfrguidance.pdf. 


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ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY: 

Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability 
Protections 


On January 11, 2002, President Bush signed the Small 
Business Liability Relief and Revitalization Act (“the 
Brownfields Law”). The Brownfields Law clarifies 
CERCLA liability provisions for landowners and 
potential property owners. It provides liability 
protections for certain property 
owners, if the property owners 
comply with specific provisions, 
including conducting all 
appropriate inquiry into present 
and past uses of the property and 
the potential presence of 
environmental contamination on 
the property. The all appropriate 
inquiry standards and practices 
are relevant to: 


department records, 
and land-use 
records, to 
determine previous 
uses and occupancies 

of the real 



• The innocent landowner 
defense to CERCLA liability 
(§101 (35)) 

• The contiguous property 
exemption to CERCLA liability (§107 (q)) 

• The bona fide prospective purchaser exemption to 
CERCLA liability (§107 (r)(1) and (§101 (40)) 

• The brownfields site characterization and assessment 
grant programs (§104 (k)(2)) 

The Brownfields Law amends Section 101 (35)(B) of 
CERCLA to include an interim standard for conducting 
all appropriate inquiry and requires EPA to promulgate 
regulations that establish federal standards and 
practices for conducting all appropriate inquiries. 
Congress directed EPA to include, within the 
standards for all appropriate inquiry, the ten criteria 
shown below: 

• The results of an inquiry by an environmental 
professional 

• Interviews with past and present owners, operators, 
and occupants of the facility for the purpose of 
gathering information regarding the potential for 
contamination at the facility 

• Reviews of historical sources, such as chain of title 
documents, aerial photographs, building 


A Quick Look 

All appropriate inquiry refers to the 
requirements for assessing the 
environmental conditions of a property 
prior to its acquisition. 

All appropriate inquiry provides CERCLA 
liability protections for certain landowners 
and potential property owners. 

The Brownfields Law amends Section 
101 (35)(B) of CERCLA to include an 
interim standard for conducting all 
appropriate inquiry. 

EPA proposed regulations for standards 
and practices for all appropriate 
inquiries on August 26,2004. 


property since the property was 
first developed 

• Searches for recorded 
environmental cleanup liens 
against the facility that are filed 
under federal, state, or local law 

• Reviews of federal, state, and local 
government records; waste 
disposal records; underground 
storage tank records; and 
hazardous waste handling, 
generation, treatment, disposal, 
and spill records concerning 
contamination at or near the facility 


• Visual inspections of the facility and adjoining 
properties 

• Specialized knowledge or experience on the part of the 
defendant 

• The relationship of the purchase price to the value of 
the property if the property was not contaminated 

• Commonly known or reasonably ascertainable 
information about the property 

• The degree of obviousness of the presence or likely 
presence of contamination at the property and the 
ability to detect the contamination by appropriate 
investigation 

EPA’s Proposed Rule: Standards and Practices for All 
Appropriate Inquiries was signed by the EPA Administrator 
and published in the Federal Register on August 26, 2004 
(69 FR 52542). The proposed rule would establish 
specific regulatory requirements for conducting all 
appropriate inquiries into the previous ownership, uses, 
and environmental conditions of a property for the 
purposes of qualifying for certain landowner liability 
protections under CERCLA. EPA developed the proposed 

Continued on next page 


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Continued 


ALL APPROPRIATE INQUIRY: 

Standards and Practices to Provide CERCLA Liability Protections 


rule using a Negotiated Rulemaking process. The 
proposed rule retains the regulatory language developed 
by the Negotiated Rulemaking Committee. The public 
comment period for the proposed rule closed on 
November 30, 2004. Currently, EPA is reviewing the 
comments received in response to the proposed rule 
and considering the issues raised by commenters. After 
considering all issues raised within the public 
comments, EPA will respond to the comments and 


develop a final rulemaking. 

The interim standard for properties purchased after May 31, 
1997, which remains in place until EPA promulgates a final 
rule establishing federal standards for all appropriate 
inquiries, is the ASTM El 527-97 or ASTM El 527-00, 
entitled “Standard Practice for Environmental Site 
Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment 
Process. 


Key Resources 

Visit the EPA Web site at http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/regneg.htm for copies of the proposed rule, a fact sheet, 
and supplemental information on all appropriate inquiry. 

For detailed information on specific aspects of the proposed rule, contact Patricia Overmeyer of EPA’s Office of 
Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment at (202) 566-2774 or dXovermeyer.patricia@epa.gov. 


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USTs AT BROWNFIELDS SITES: 

Technology Options for Tank Remediation 


Of the estimated 450,000 brownfields sites in the United 
States, approximately 100,000 to 200,000 contain 
abandoned USTs or are affected by leaks of petroleum 
from such tanks. EPA and many state and local leaders 
are committed to achieving sustainable development and 
preserving green space by cleaning up and reusing these 
petroleum brownfields, which are often located on corner 
lots and in other prime locations. Reusing abandoned 
gasoline stations helps to preserve green space, reduce 
urban sprawl, and reduce the 
distance that people have to 
travel, thus decreasing air 
pollution. Such sites as the West 
Ogden Pocket Park, a former 
service station, had been used for 
illegal dumping and were 
eyesores to the Chicago 
community. Cooperation 
between the Chicago Department 
of Buildings, Department of the 
Environment, and Department of 
Transportation led to tank 
removal, site remediation, and 
site restoration. In summer 2001, 
the West Ogden Pocket Park 
opened, adding much needed 
green space to its neighborhood. 



innovative site 
assessment and 
cleanup technologies, 
such as field 

measurement techniques, 
soil vapor surveying, 
vacuum-enhanced free product 
recovery, active and passive bioremediation, and MNA. 
OUST continues to encourage scientifically sound, rapid, 

and cost-effective corrective action 
at UST sites. It also encourages the 
use of expedited site assessments 
as a means of streamlining the 
corrective action process, 
improving data collection, and 
reducing the overall cost of 
remediation. The May 2004 
publication Technologies for 
Treating MtBE and Other Fuel 
Oxygenates, (available at 
www.epa.gov/tio/download/ 
remed/542r04009/ 
542r04009;pdf) is an example of 
new informational materials that are 
relevant to UST remediation. 


A Quick Look 

USTs are present at many brownfields 
sites because the owners have closed 
their businesses and do not have the 
funds necessary to remove the tanks or 
properly clean up the tanks. 

Contaminants likely to be found at UST 
sites include petroleum hydrocarbons, 
gasoline, diesel fuel, MtBE, BTEX, JP-4 jet 
fuels, and solvents. 

The USTFields Initiative focuses attention 
on abandoned or underused industrial and 
commercial properties at which 
redevelopment is complicated by 
environmental contamination originating 
from USTs. 


With so many UST sites requiring 
remediation, EPA is promoting 
faster, more effective, and less 
costly alternatives to established cleanup methods. EPA 
and states are continuing their legacy of developing and 
disseminating innovative tools to address petroleum 
brownfields. A Ready-for-Reuse Determination is one 
such tool. It is being used in Sayre, Oklahoma and other 
places to acknowledge that the site has been cleaned up 
and is ready and available for a particular type of reuse. 
Site inventories are helping bring property owners 
together with end users who may want to use the 
properties. 

Although established technologies such as P&T systems 
or excavation and disposal in a landfill, have proven 
effective and are frequently used, innovative technologies 
may be applicable for cleanup of USTs. EPA’s OUST has 
worked with EPA’s ORD to foster development of 


The Brownfields Law allocates funding 
each year to assess and clean up 
petroleum-contaminated brownfields sites. 


Prior to the enactment of the Small 
Business Liability Relief and 
Brownfields Revitalization Act or 
Brownfields Law, petroleum- 
contaminated sites were not eligible 
for traditional brownfields funding. Therefore, in 2000, to 
encourage the reuse of abandoned properties contaminated 
with petroleum from USTs, OUST created the USTFields 
Initiative. A total of 50 projects were awarded up to 
$100,000 each to assess, clean up, and restore high-priority 
petroleum-impacted sites. Although no additional USTFields 
pilot projects will be awarded funds, opportunities to 
address relatively low-risk petroleum sites are now available 
through the brownfields assessment, cleanup, and revolving 
loan fund grants. In addition, high-priority and high-risk 
sites can be addressed by states through the Leaking 
Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund. 

The Brownfields Law expanded the original EPA 
Brownfields Program by making relatively low-risk 

Continued on next page 


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Continued ... 


petroleum sites eligible for brownfields assessment and 
cleanup grant funding and by allotting 25 percent of the 
funding strictly for petroleum brownfields assessment 
and cleanup. Previously, petroleum sites were ineligible 
for brownfields grants funding. In 2004, EPA awarded 
close to $23 million in brownfields grants to assess and 
clean up petroleum-contaminated sites. Recipients 
included abandoned sites such as gasoline stations, 
industrial properties, and retail properties that contain or 
are perceived to contain petroleum contamination. 


For more information, see the resources numbered 
14, 17, 27, 56, 80, 102, 103, 162, 171, and 173 in 
the Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1. 


USTs AT BROWNFI ELDS SITES: 

Technology Options for Tank Remediation 

f Key Resource 

EPA’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site 
View online at www.epa.gov/oust. 

Hosted by EPA’s OUST, the Internet site provides resources 
and tools to help owners and operators of UST sites and 
brownfields stakeholders better assess their options for 
operation, maintenance, and cleanup of USTs. Information 
and guidance about technologies suitable for cleaning up 
releases from UST systems are provided, as are details 
about current federal UST regulations and UST program 
priorities, including specific details about the USTFields 
Initiative. Points of contact in each of the EPA regional 
offices also are identified. An extensive number of UST 
publications can be viewed online or downloaded at no 
charge. In addition, information about state-sponsored UST 
programs, including links to state Internet sites, is provided 
on OUST’s site at www.epa.gov/oust/states/index.htm 

Some of the more recent publications available at 

www.epa.gov/oust/pubs/index.htm include: 

• Howto Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for 
Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective 
Action Plan Reviewers (EPA510-R-04-002), May 2004 

• Underground Storage Tanks: Building on the Past to 
Protect the Future (EPA 510-R-04-001), March 2004 

• Reuse of Abandoned Gas Station Sites (EPA-510-F- 

04-001), February 2004 _ y 


Continued on next page 


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i ! I 



SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES 
AND REVITALIZATION TOOLS - ELECTRONIC 
(SMARTe) 


Revitalization of contaminated sites is a global concern 
that requires an integrated approach to mitigate the risks 
to human health and the environment. Many countries 
have committed extensive resources to addressing 
environmental, social, and economic issues related to the 
cleanup and revitalization of brownfields sites. The 
challenge is to determine how to capitalize on the 
available resources, expertise, and knowledge and 
effectively share and transfer that information to the 
organizations and individuals responsible for making 
decisions and implementing revitalization efforts. 

EPA and the German Federal Ministry for Education and 
Research Bundesministerium Fur Bildung und 
Forschung (BMBF) have initiated a cooperative effort to 
share such information and evaluate new solutions for 
the revitalization of potentially contaminated sites. 

Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization 
Tools - electronic (SMARTe) is a Web-based information 
source and decision support tool. The purpose of 
SMARTe is to aid stakeholders in identifying, applying, 
and integrating tools and technologies to facilitate the 
revitalization of potentially contaminated sites in the 
United States. SMARTe is intended to be a living Web- 
based system that can be updated as new tools, 
technologies, and approaches become available for 
revitalization. 

SMARTe will provide a decision support tool for 
developing and evaluating plans for land revitalization. 

Its decision analysis capabilities are intended to be used 
by brownfields project stakeholders for: 

• Assessing both market and non-market costs and 
benefits of revitalization options 

• Comparing alternative reuse scenarios 

• Clarifying both private and public financing options 

• Evaluating and communicating environmental risks 

• Easing access to pertinent state specific information 
related to specific projects 



SMARTe is the umbrella 
providing entry points for 
tools and information at 
the level of detail desired by 
the user. SMARTe contains 
four components: 

• An electronic document that provides information on 
the revitalization process 

• A screening tool that leads the user through the 
revitalization process 

• A tool box to analyze and solve revitalization issues 

• A search engine for information tools, and best 
practices 

SMARTe will provide the analytical tools needed to 
implement and integrate each component of the decision 
process. In the future, SMARTe will use expert system 
technology to integrate environmental, social and 
economic issues in a multi-criteria decision analysis so 
that stakeholders can evaluate alternative reuse scenarios. 
The goal of SMARTe is to not only provide the tools and 
information needed by a user to solve a revitalization 
issue, but also to integrate these tools and information 
into an assessment that facilitates sustainable 
revitalization. 

SMARTe is accessible at www.smarte.org. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


SITE INVESTIGATION 


Identify the Source, Nature, and 
Extent of Contamination 


The site investigation phase focuses on confirming 
whether any contamination exists at a site, locating 
any contamination, and characterizing the nature 
and extent of that contamination. It is essential that 
an appropriately detailed study of the site be 
performed to identify the cause, nature, and extent of 
contamination and the possible threats to the 
environment or to any people living or working 
nearby. For brownfields sites, the results of such a 
study can be used in determining goals for cleanup, 
quantifying risks, determining acceptable and 
unacceptable risk, and developing effective cleanup 
plans that minimize delays or costs in the 
redevelopment and reuse of property. To ensure that 
sufficient information is obtained to support future 
decisions, the proposed cleanup measures and the 
proposed end use of the site should be considered 
when identifying data needs during the site 
investigation. 

A site investigation, also referred to as an ASTM 
Phase II environmental site assessment, is based on 
the results of the site assessment, which is discussed 
in the preceding section of the Road Map. The site 
investigation phase may include the analysis of 
samples of soil and soil gas, groundwater, surface 
water, and sediment. The migration pathways of 
contaminants also are examined during this phase, 
and a baseline risk assessment may be needed to 
calculate risk to human health and the environment. 
Examples of sampling and analysis technologies that 
may be useful during this phase are presented in 
Appendix A, Table A-2, Technologies for Analyzing 
Contaminants at Brownfields Sites. 

During site investigation, use of the Triad 
approach allows decision-makers to implement a 
strategy that is flexible and meets the needs of the 
site. Use of systematic planning can result in lower 
overall project costs. Use of dynamic working 
strategies can reduce or eliminate the need for 
multiple mobilizations on a site to reach closeout. 
For brownfields sites, where decision-making is 
closely tied to economic constraints and public 
acceptance, increased information value obtained 
using real-time measurement technologies 
collaboratively with definitive fixed laboratory 
methods for data collection will provide 
stakeholders with the confidence they need at a 
reduced cost. Reducing project costs and schedules 



• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 39 






















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


to obtain closure means that more dormant or 
abandoned sites may become economically viable 
for redevelopment. 



Factors that should be considered during the site 

investigation, if there is evidence of potential or actual 

contamination include: 

1. Will the site be entered into a state voluntary 
cleanup program (VCP)? If so, will the 
investigation plan be reviewed through the VCP? If 
not, are there federal, state, local, and tribal 
regulatory requirements applicable to the site 
investigation? What agency will be responsible for 
managing oversight of this phase? What is to be 
done if the appropriate agency has not developed 
standards or guidelines that are suitable for the 
proposed redevelopment? 

2. What technologies are available to facilitate site 
investigation and to support data collection 
relevant to the goals of the project? Has the 
technical team explored the full range of 
technologies that can produce data of the quality 
necessary? Can the technologies selected limit the 
number of mobilizations at the site? 

3. Can the need for cleanup be assessed fully and 
accurately from the information gathered during the 
site assessment or from a previous site investigation? 

4. What issues has the community raised that may 
affect the site investigation? 

5. What are the potential exposure pathways? Who 
or what could be affected by the contamination or 
the efforts to clean up the contamination? 

6. What happens if significant contamination is 
found? What happens if contamination poses a 
“significant threat" to local residents? 

7. What happens if the contamination is originating 
from an adjacent or other off-site source? What 
happens if background sampling indicates that 
contamination is originating from a naturally 
occurring source? 

8. Are the infrastructure systems (roads, buildings, 
sewers, and other facilities) contaminated? Could 
they be affected by efforts to clean up 
contamination? 


The following table describes field analytical 
technologies and mobile laboratories. 

Highlights of Field Analytical Technologies and Mobile Laboratories 

Field Analytical Technologies: Field analytical technologies, often 
referred to as “field analytics,” can be used on site without the 
absolute need for a mobile laboratory. Some field analytical 
technologies are very sophisticated and can yield quantitative results 
that are comparable to those obtained by analysis in mobile or off-site 
laboratories. Some field analytical measurements can be made 
quickly, allowing a high rate of sampling. Under certain conditions, 
data can be collected in a short period of time. Field analytical 
technologies are implemented through the use of hand-held 
instruments, such as the portable gas chromatography and mass 
spectrometry and the x-ray fluorescence analyzer, as well as the use 
of bench procedures, such as colorimetric and immunoassay tests. 

Mobile Laboratories: A variety of technologies can be used in a 
mobile laboratory. Such technologies differ from field analytical 
technologies because they may require more controlled 
conditions (such as temperature, humidity, and source of 
electricity) or complex sample preparation that uses solvents or 
reagents that require special handling or protective equipment that 
require the handling and storage of chemical standards. 
Technologies adaptable to mobile laboratories include those used 
to analyze soil and water samples for inorganic analytes (such as 
anodic stripping voltammetry) and organic compounds (such as 
gas chromatography with a variety of detectors). When operated 
properly and with adequate quality assurance (QA) and quality 
control (QC), the technologies can achieve quantitative results 
equal to those achieved by off-site analytical laboratories. 


How Do We Find the Answers? 


Typical activities that may be conducted during the 
site investigation phase include: 

• Identify the proper mix of technologies (such as 
field measurement technologies that characterize 
the physical and chemical aspects of the site and 
fixed laboratory sampling methods) that can 
facilitate site investigations and meet the required 
level of data quality: 

- Ensure that the laboratory has appropriate detection 
limits for analytes 

• Determine the environmental conditions at the site 
(for example, by performing an ASTM Phase II 
environmental site assessment or equivalent 
investigation that includes tests to confirm the 
locations and identities of environmental hazards): 

- Conduct sampling and analysis to determine the 
nature, extent, source, and significance of the 
contamination that may be present at the site 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


- Conduct sampling and analysis to fully assess the 
physical geophysical and ecological conditions and 
characteristics of the site 

- Interpret the results of the analysis to characterize site 
conditions 

- Determine whether and how (if applicable) the 
infrastructure systems (including existing structures) 
are affected by contamination 


Where Do We Find Answers to Our 
Technology Questions? 


Listed below are examples of resources that assist in 
identifying the environmental condition of a site. The 
resources are listed alphabetically under the 
following categories: 









Assess the risk the site may pose to human health 
and the environment. Consider the exposure 
pathways of direct contact, ingestion, or 
inhalation of soil and dust, water, and air. 

Depending on state regulatory requirements, 
consider the use of a site-specific risk assessment 
to identify cleanup levels when that approach 
may result in more reasonable cleanup standards 
or when cleanup standards have not been 
developed 

Examine unacceptable environmental conditions 
in terms of initial costs for site improvement and 
long-term costs for annual operation and 
maintenance — include potential cleanup options 
and constraints that may affect redevelopment 
requirements, such as project schedules, costs, and 
potential for achieving the desired reuse 

Revise assumptions about the site based on data 
collected at the site 

Begin consideration of sources of funding for site 
investigation and cleanup activities such as state 
Brownfields Programs and federal tax credits: 

- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to 
identify and determine the availability of EPA 
support programs and federal financial incentives 

Continue to work with appropriate regulatory 
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements 
are being properly addressed: 

- Identify and consult with the appropriate federal, 
state, local, and tribal agencies to include them as 
early as possible in the decision-making process 

Educate members of the community about the site 
investigation process and actively involve them in 
decision-making; consider risk communication 
techniques to facilitate those activities 


A. Resources for Site Investigation 

B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Investigation 

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site Investigation 

Access the Road Map online at 
wivw.brownfieldstsc.org to view or download the 
following resources electronically or to obtain a link 
that provides complete ordering information. 

A. Resources for Site Investigation 


ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site 
Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected 
Petroleum Releases (E1912-98(2004)) 

Developed by ASTM, the guide describes accelerated 
site characterization (ASC), a process used to rapidly 
and accurately characterize confirmed or suspected 
releases of petroleum. The guide provides a 
framework that responsible parties, contractors, 
consultants, and regulators can use to streamline and 
accelerate site characterization. The guide is 
available at a cost and can be ordered online at 
www.astm.org. 



ASTM Standard Guide for 
Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 
II Environmental Site Assessment 
Process (E1903-97(2002)) 

Developed by ASTM, the guide discusses 
a framework for employing good commercial and 
customary practices in the United States during Phase 
II environmental site assessments of commercial 
property with respect to the potential presence of a 
range of contaminants within the scope of CERCLA 
as well as petroleum products. The guide, which is 
available at a cost, can ordered online at 
wivw.astm.org. 


. Background • Introduction * Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 41 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Brownfields and Land Revitalization 
Technology Support Center 

established BTSC to ensure that 
§? brownfields decision-makers are aware of 
™ the full range of technologies available for 
conducting site assessments and cleanup and can 
make informed decisions for their sites. The center 
helps government decision-makers evaluate strategies 
to streamline the site assessment and cleanup 
process, identify and review information about 
complex technology options, evaluate contractor 
capabilities and recommendations, explain complex 
technologies to communities, and plan technology 
demonstrations. The center is coordinated through 
EPA's OSRTI and works through EPA's ORD 
laboratories. BTSC works closely with EPA's Office of 
Brownfields Cleanup and Redevelopment and in 
partnership with USACE and ANL. Localities can 
submit requests for assistance through their EPA 
Regional Brownfields Coordinator, online at 
wwiv.broivnfieldstsc.org, or by calling (877) 838-7220 
(toll free). For more information about BTSC, contact 
Dan Powell of EPA's OSRTI at (703) 603-7196 or 
powell.dan@epa.gov. 

Brownfields Technology Primer: 
Requesting and Evaluating Proposals 
that Encourage Innovative Technologies 
for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 542- 
R-01-005) 

BTSC prepared this primer to assist site 
owners, project managers, and others preparing RFPs 
to solicit support in conducting activities to 
investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is 
specifically intended to assist those individuals in 
writing specifications that encourage contractors and 
technology vendors to propose options for using 
innovative characterization and remediation 
technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also 
provides information, from a technology perspective, 
to guide review teams in their evaluations of 
proposals and the selection of qualified contractors. 

Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad 
Approach to Streamline Brownfields Site 
Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002) 

BTSC prepared this document to provide an 
educational tool for site owners, project managers, 
and regulators in order to help streamline assessment 
and cleanup activities at brownfields sites. Strategies 
that reduce costs, decrease time frames, and positively 
affect regulatory and community acceptance also can 
improve the economics of redevelopment at 


brownfields sites. Increased attention to brownfields 
sites and the manner in which they are redeveloped 
places greater importance on the approach to site 
cleanup. This primer is one in a series that will 
address specific cleanup issues. 

Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing 
the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001) 

The guide is one in a series of publications designed to 
assist communities, states, municipalities, and the 
private sector to address brownfields sites more 
effectively. The guide, which is designed to be used 
with the three guides for specific types of sites - 
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and Cleaning 
Up Automotive Repair Sites Under the Brownfields 
Initiative, Technical Approaches to Characterizing and 
Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the 
Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches to 
Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites 
Under the Brownfields Initiative - provides 
information about cost estimating tools and resources 
for addressing cleanup costs at brownfields sites. 

Many decision-makers at brownfields sites may choose 
to assign the preparation of cost estimates to 
consultants who are experienced in the cleanup of 
hazardous waste sites; however, it benefits those 
decision-makers to be able to provide guidance to their 
consultants and to understand the process sufficiently 
well to provide an informed review of the estimates 
prepared. The guide provides general information 
about the cost estimation process and includes 
summaries of various types of estimates. The guide 
also outlines the process of developing "order of 
magnitude" cost estimates. Information about 
resources, databases, and models also is provided. 

Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous 
Waste Site Investigations (EPA 600-R-00-007) 

The document focuses on the DQO process as the 
appropriate systematic planning process to support 
decision-making. The DQO process is an important 
tool for project managers and planners to use in 
defining the types, quality, and quantity of data 
needed to make defensible decisions. The document 
is based on the principles and steps developed in 
Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process but 
is specific to investigations of hazardous waste sites. 
The guidance is also consistent with Data Quality 
Objectives Process for Superfund: Interim Final 
Guidance (EPA 1993) and Soil Screening Guidance: 
User's Guide (EPA 1996). Although the document 
focuses on EPA applications, the guidance also is 
applicable to programs at the state and local levels. 



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Directory of Technical Assistance for Land 
Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001) 
BTSC prepared this directory to provide 
information about technical assistance that 
is available from federal agencies to assist 
regional, state, and local government personnel in 
making assessment and cleanup decisions for 
brownfields, reuse, and revitalization sites. This 
directory includes information about 37 
organizations within 10 federal agencies that provide 
different types of support to help with site assessment 
and cleanup, including technical support and 
funding sources. Profiles are included for these 
agencies and organizations and contain the following 
types of information: background and location 
information, relevancy to revitalization, description of 
the areas of expertise available, discussion of the 
types of services available, types of funding available 
and eligibility, contact information and the process 
for requesting assistance, and examples of specific 
instances in which the organization has previously 
provided support relevant to site revitalization. 
Information in the profiles is believed to be current as 
of March 2003. To help maintain current information, 
the directory is available as an online database at 
www.broiunfieldstsc.org/directory/directory.cfm. 


Engineering and Design: Requirements for the 
Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans (EM 
200-1-3) 

Developed by USACE, this manual provides guidance 
for the preparation of project-specific SAPs for the 
collection of environmental data. In addition, the 
manual presents default sampling and analytical 
protocols that may be used verbatim or modified 
based in light of the DQOs for a specific project. The 
goal of the manual is to promote consistency in the 
generation and execution of sampling and analysis 
plans and therefore to help investigators generate 
chemical data of known quality for the purpose to 
which those data are to be used. 



EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Online: 
Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, 
Physical/Chemical Methods 
Developed by EPA's OSW, the Web site 
provides test procedures and guidance that 
EPA recommends for use in conducting the 
evaluations and measurements needed to comply 
with requirements established under RCRA. The 
online manual presents state-of-the-art methods of 
routine analytical testing that have been adapted for 
use under the RCRA Program. All the documents 


found in the Third Edition of SW-846, as updated by 
updates I, II, II A, IIB, III, and III A, are located at the 
Web site. It presents procedures for field and 
laboratory QC, sampling, identification of hazardous 
constituents in wastes, determination of the 
hazardous characteristics of wastes (toxicity, 
ignitability, reactivity, or corrosivity), and 
determination of the physical properties of wastes. It 
also provides guidance on selecting appropriate 
methods. The methods can be downloaded from the 
SW-846 Web site at no cost. 

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative 
Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable 
Database 

The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases 
sponsored by EPA's OSRTI is a service provided free 
of charge to both users and technology vendors. 

This database provides users comprehensive, up-to- 
date information about more than 256 
characterization technologies and 481 remediation 
technologies and their applications. It combines 
information submitted by technology service 
providers about remediation and characterization 
technologies with information from EPA, DoD, DOE, 
and state project managers about sites at which 
innovative technologies are being deployed. During 
the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA 
REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to 
learn about and become familiar with the range of 
available technology options that can be employed 
during the investigation and the cleanup phases 
that follow, as well as data about various types of 
sites. Information about analytical screening 
technologies that may be useful for initial sampling 
of a site also is provided. EPA REACH IT is 
accessible only through the Internet. 

Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision 
Support Software (DSS) 

Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental 
Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer- 
based systems that facilitate the use of data, 
models, and structured decision processes in 
making decisions related to environmental 
management. The report evaluates 19 such systems 
through the application of a rating system that 
favors software that simulates a wide range of 
environmental problems. It includes a glossary of 
terms and a statement of the rationale for the 
selection of various aspects of the performance of 
the DSS for evaluation. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation ♦ Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 43 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE) 

The online encyclopedia provides information about 
technologies that investigators can use in the field to 
characterize contaminated soil and groundwater; 
monitor the progress of remedial efforts; and, in 
some cases, perform confirmation sampling and 
analysis to support closeout of a site. The 
encyclopedia emphasizes the systematic planning 
component of the Triad as a necessary step to 
identify factors and issues that contribute to 
decision uncertainty. The site also provides a 
searchable function to enable the user to find an 
appropriate technology based on the contaminants 
at a site and the media to be treated, and provides 
site summaries, links to relevant resources, and 
training modules. The encyclopedia serves a wide 
range of users, from engineering students to field 
technicians and site managers. 

Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix, 
Version 1.0 

The matrix, an online tool, will assist brownfields 
stakeholders to obtain information about and screen 
technologies applicable for site investigation. Each 
site characterization technology is rated in a number 
of performance categories, such as detection limits, 
applicable media, selectivity, and turnaround time. 
Other useful information provided includes 
technology descriptions; data on commercial status, 
cost, and certification; and evaluation reports. The 
matrix is extremely helpful to users who are not 
familiar with specific characterization technologies, 
but who know baseline information about a site, such 
as contaminants and media; for such users, the matrix 
can identify and screen technologies for potential use 
at a site. 

Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field 
Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective Site 
Characterization and Cleanup 

Developed by Tufts University in cooperation with 
EPA, the document provides users with information 
about the many factors that are to be considered in 
incorporating field analytical instruments and 
methods into an adaptive sampling and analysis 
program for expediting the site investigation 
process. The guidance is intended to assist federal 
and state regulators, site owners, consulting 
engineers, and remediation companies understand 
how to develop, maintain, and update a dynamic 
workplan. 


Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous 
Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring 

The report introduces a new standard promoted by 
EPA's OSWER and OSRTI that encourages more 
effective and less costly strategies for characterizing 
and monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new 
approach uses an integrated triad of systematic 
planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis 
for data collection and technical decision-making at 
hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the 
concepts in the Triad approach is new, but it has been 
demonstrated that the integrated approach completes 
projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory 
and client satisfaction than the traditional phased 
approach. The report includes a list of additional 
resources regarding innovative technologies and site 
characterization. 

Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series 

The case studies provide cost and performance 
information about the innovative technologies that 
support less costly and more representative site 
characterization. The purpose of the case studies is to 
analyze and document the effectiveness of new 
technologies proposed for site cleanup. They present 
information about the capability of the technologies 
in analyzing and monitoring cleanup, as well as 
information about costs associated with the use of the 
technologies. The following case studies are 
available: 

- Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum 
Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003) 

- Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites 
(EPA 542-R-00-003) 

- Hanscom Air Force Base, Operable Unit 1 
(EPA 542-R-98-006) 

- Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot 
Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000) 

(EPA 542-R-00-009) 

- NEW! Technology Evaluation: Real-time VOC 
Analysis Using a Field Portable GC/MS 

(EPA 542-R-01-011) 

Innovative Remediation and Site 
Characterization Technologies Resources 
(EPA 542-C-04-002) 

I Produced by EPA's OSRTI, this CD-ROM 
contains resources that provide information 
to help federal, state, and private sector site managers 
evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The 
ability to gain access to resources that provide 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


information about innovative site characterization and 
remediation technologies will increase the 
understanding of those technologies and of the cost and 
performance factors related to them. Such 
understanding is essential to the consideration of those 
technologies for use in addressing contamination at 
hazardous waste sites. The information on the CD- 
ROM is broken down into seven categories: bulletins, 
fact sheets, journals, and newsletters; community 
involvement support; electronic resources; 
organizations, programs and partnerships; publication 
clearinghouses; publications; and regulatory resources. 
Several resources included on the CD-ROM also are 
available at the Road Map online. Copies of the CD- 
ROM can be ordered through the NSCEP at P.O. Box 
42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419 or by calling (800) 
490-9198 (toll free). 



Managing Uncertainty in Environmental 
Decisions 

This paper was published in Environmental 
Science and Technology, a publication of the 
American Chemical Society, in October 
2001. The preparation of this paper was coordinated 
through EPA OSRTI and included input from USACE. 
The paper discusses the relationship between data 
quality concepts and improved decision-making for 
environmental site investigation and cleanup projects. 
It addresses the context and use of site investigation- 
related terminology, conventional data quality 
approaches, and the use of the Triad approach. 



Relationship Between SW-846, PBMS, 
and Innovative Analytical Technologies 
(EPA 542-R-01-015) 

This paper, which was developed by EPA 
OSRTI in collaboration with EPA OSW, 
explains and documents EPA's position regarding 
testing methods (such as SW-846) used in waste 
programs and the relationship between regulatory 
flexibility regarding analytical methods and the use 
of on-site measurements to improve the cost- 
effectiveness of contaminated site cleanups. The 
paper also explains the advantages of a performance- 
based approach to analytical methods and the use of 
performance-based measurement systems (PBMS) 
within EPA programs. The Triad approach to site 
investigation and characterization, which is based on 
PBMS principles, also is briefly discussed. This 
paper will assist brownfields stakeholders by 
providing information and references that address 
flexibility and more affordable approaches to 
performing analyses at contaminated sites. 


Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and 
Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B) 

The document is a concise guide to resources, both 
existing and planned, that support new, streamlined 
approaches to site investigation and monitoring. It 
describes training courses available, including some 
that are downloadable; lists sources of information 
about available technologies and guidance 
documents available through EPA programs; and 
provides sources of information about technology 
verification and demonstration efforts. The guide 
also lists a number of Web sites from which related 
publications and software can be downloaded. The 
document can be downloaded from CLU-IN under 
"Publications." 

Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX) 

SenTIX serves as a forum to exchange information 
about sensor technologies and needs. The purpose of 
the Web site is to serve as a tool to assist those working 
in the environmental field in cleaning up hazardous 
waste. The submit and search functions of SenTIX can 
help match users looking for a sensor technology to 
meet a specific need. The discussion forum also 
matches developers, vendors, and users. Users can 
provide sensor-related information online. The site 
was developed by (WPI), a nonprofit organization, 
under a cooperative agreement with EPA. 

Site Characterization Library, Version 3.0 

(EPA 600/C/05/001) 

BBfTg ffljM The Site Characterization Library (Library), 

which was created by EPA's ORD, 

® National Exposure Research Laboratory 
(NERL), Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) in Las 
Vegas, Nevada, provides a centralized, field-portable 
source for site characterization information. EPA has 
compiled this compendium in electronic form on both 
CD-ROM and DVD. The resources contained in the 
Library were recommended by experts in the field of 
site characterization and are classified into the 
following four types: Web sites, audiovisual resources, 
documents, and software. Version 3.0 of the Library 
contains over 36,000 pages of guidance in the form of 
pdf files, software programs, video files, and Web links. 
It includes 400 documents, 80 Web links, 54 software 
programs, and 11 audiovisual files. The audio and 
video files are new to Version 3.0 and contain Internet 
training seminars relating to site characterization and 
monitoring technologies and approaches. An 
alphabetical index of all the resources in this Library is 
included to enable users to locate resources by title. A 
section on the Triad approach provides easy access to 


♦ Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment* Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 45 







ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


information on this innovative site characterization 
methodology. A limited number of copies of Version 
3.0 of the Library are available free of charge by mail 
from either of the following locations: EPA NSCEP, 
P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-2419, 
telephone: (513) 489-8190 or (800) 490-9198, fax: (513) 
489-8695; or EPA NERL, ERD/ORD, P.O. Box 93478, 
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478, telephone: (702) 798- 
2365 or (702)798-2207, e-mail: support.cmb@epa.gov. 


Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) 
Program Demonstration Reports 

An extensive inventory of reports of the evaluation of 
measurement and monitoring technologies in the 
SITE Program is available to assist decision-makers in 
reviewing technology options and assessing a 
technology's applicability to a particular site. The 
reports evaluate all information about a technology; 
provide an analysis of its overall applicability to site 
characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices; and 
present testing procedures, performance and cost 
data, and QA/QC standards. The Demonstration 
Bulletins provide summarized descriptions of 
technologies and announcements of demonstrations. 
The Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports 
provide full reports of the demonstration results, 
including technical data useful to decision-makers. 
The Emerging Technology Program Reports describe 
emerging innovative technologies and are developed 
under the terms of a cooperative agreement between 
the technology developer and EPA. 



Sustainable Management Approaches 
and Revitalization Tools - electronic 
(SMARTe) 

The SMARTe Web-based decision support 
tool is a cooperative effort of EPA, ITRC, and 
the German Federal Ministry for Education and 
Research. It is designed to aid stakeholders in 
identifying, applying, and integrating tools and 
technologies to facilitate revitalization of potentially 
contaminated sites in the United States. Currently, 
SMARTe contains information and databases that 
allow project stakeholders to assess both market and 
nonmarket costs and benefits of redevelopment 
options, clarify private and public financing options, 
evaluate and communicate environmental risks and 
opportunities, and access relevant state-specific 
information. By October 2007, SMARTe will use expert 
system technology to integrate environmental, social 
and economic issues in a multi-criteria decision 
analysis so that stakeholders can evaluate alternative 
reuse scenarios. 



Triad Resource Center 

The Triad Resource Center, a multiagency 
collaboration of EPA, USACE, ITRC, DOE, 
the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Air Force, and the 
State of New Jersey, is maintained by 
ANL. The center provides information about 
effective implementation of the Triad approach in 
decision-making during hazardous waste site 
characterization and remediation. It also provides 
an overview of the Triad principles and describes 
changes in regulatory functions that are required 
when the Triad approach is used at hazardous 
waste sites. Also available are descriptions of 
projects in which Triad principles have been 
successfully implemented. A reference and resource 
section includes general reference material, training 
resources, and information about upcoming 
conferences and workshops. 



Using Dynamic Field Activities for On- 
Site Decision-Making: A Guide for 
Project Managers (EPA 540-R-03-002) 

This document, which was developed by 
EPA, provides environmental cleanup 
professionals with guidance on how to use an on-site 
decision-making process to streamline field work at 
contaminated sites. This guidance focuses on how 
project managers can use dynamic work planning 
and field-based analytical methods to meet project 
goals and streamline site activities. Also included are 
examples of sites where this process has been 
successfully implemented. 


B. Site-Specific Resources for Site Investigation 

Listed below are survey reports on the application of 
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and 
site types. 


Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in 
the Waterfront Voluntary Setting 

This report investigates the reasons voluntary action 
to redevelop potentially contaminated property is 
subject to market constraints and other pressures that 
differ vastly from those that affect corrective action 
programs. It sets forth in detail the current level of 
application of field-based characterization tools at 
115 waterfront brownfields sites and sites being 
addressed under VCP programs. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Characterization of Mine Leachates and the 
Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring 
Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007) 

The objective of the research project was to develop a 
better understanding of the composition of mine 
waste leachates and to identify cost-effective 
groundwater monitoring parameters that could be 
incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably 
detect the migration of contaminants from hard-rock 
mining operations. 


Resource for MGP Site Characterization and 
Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and 
Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas 
Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005) 

The document provides current information about 
useful approaches and tools being applied at former 
manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites to the regulators 
and utilities that are engaged in characterizing and 
remediating these sites. The document outlines site 
management strategies and field tools for expediting 
site characterization at MGP sites; presents a 
summary of existing technologies for remediating 
MGP wastes in soils; provides sufficient information 
about the benefits, limitations, and costs of each 
technology, tool, or strategy for comparison and 
evaluation; and provides, through case studies, 
examples of the ways in which those tools and 
strategies can be implemented at MGP sites. 

Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated 
Sediments 

The report, prepared by the National Research 
Council's Committee on the Remediation of PCB- 
Contaminated Sediments under an EPA grant, 
reviews the nature of the challenge involved in the 
management of sediments contaminated with PCBs; 
provides an overview of current knowledge about the 
inputs, fates, and effects of PCBs; recommends a risk- 
based framework for use in assessing remediation 
technologies and risk-management strategies; and 
elaborates on the framework as it is applicable 
specifically to sediments contaminated with PCBs. 

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Site 
Investigation 

The documents listed below provide detailed 
information about specific innovative technologies 
and the application of those processes to specific 
contaminants and media in the form of engineering 
analyses, application reports, technology verification 
and evaluation reports, and technology reviews. 


A User's Guide to Environmental Immunochemical 
Analysis 

Developed by EPA's ORD, the document facilitates 
transfer of immunochemical methods for the analysis 
of environmental contaminants to the environmental 
analytical chemistry laboratory. Field personnel who 
may have a need to employ a measurement 
technology at a monitoring site also may find this 
manual helpful. The document instructs the reader in 
the use and application of immunochemical methods 
of analysis for environmental contaminants. It 
includes a general troubleshooting guide, along with 
specific instructions for certain analytes. The guide is 
written in a manner that allows the user to apply the 
information presented to immunoassays that are not 
discussed in the manual. 



Adaptive Sampling and Analysis 
Program (ASAP), ANL 

Developed by the Environmental 
Assessment Division (EAD) of ANL, an 
adaptive sampling and analysis program 
(ASAP) is an expedited approach to collecting data 
in support of hazardous waste site characterization 
and remediation. ASAPs rely on "real-time" data 
collection techniques and in-field decision-making 
to keep data collection as inexpensive, focused, and 
efficient as possible. The Web site provides links to 
related fact sheets and identifies sites where the 
ASAP approach has been successfully used. 



Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids 
(DNAPLs): Review of Emerging 
Characterization and Remediation 
Technologies 

This document, which was developed by 
ITRC, is an educational tool for regulators 
and project managers who work with DNAPL- 
contaminated sites. The emerging characterization 
technologies discussed in the document include 
geophysical and direct-push technologies, and in situ 
tracers. Emerging remediation technologies described 
in the document include in situ flushing, dynamic 
underground stripping, six-phase heating, and in situ 
chemical oxidation. The document also presents 
stakeholder concerns about application of these 
emerging technologies. 


• Background * Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 47 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



Environmental Security Technology 
Certification Program (ESTCP) 

DoD's ESTCP Program promotes 
innovative, cost-effective environmental 
characterization and remediation 
technologies through their demonstration and 
validation at DoD sites. Successful demonstration 
leads to acceptance of innovative technologies by 
DoD end-users and the regulatory community. The 
Web site provides access to detailed reports about 
completed demonstration projects that have verified 
cost and performance of a technology, and fact sheets 
about ongoing projects where innovative technologies 
are being tested. Some of the areas under which these 
demonstrations are being conducted include 
chlorinated solvents, heavy metals, perchlorate, 
petroleum hydrocarbons and related compounds and 
contaminated sediments. Reports about site 
characterization, monitoring and process 
optimization are also available. The user can also use 
the online library to search for reports and fact sheets 
based on keywords. 



Environmental Technology Verification 
Reports 

Produced by EPA's ORD, the 
Environmental Technology Verification 
(ETV) Program reports provide extensive 
information about the performance of commercial- 
ready, private sector technologies. The reports are 
intended for buyers of technologies, developers of 
technologies, consulting engineers, and state and 
federal agencies. The documents verify the 
environmental performance characteristics of these 
technologies based on pilot project results. The 
reports as well as other information about the ETV 
Program are available on the ETV Web site. 
Approximately 100 ETV reports and verification 
statements about the performance of various 
technologies are available. Examples of these 
technologies include ambient ammonia sensors, 
mercury continuous emission monitors, arsenic test 
kits, rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
technologies, laser-induced fluorescence sensors, 
cone penetrometer-deployed sensors, environmental 
DSS, explosives detection, field-portable gas 
chromatograph /mass spectrometer, field-portable X- 
ray fluorescence analyzer, groundwater sampling, 
PCB field analysis technologies, portable gas 
chromatograph/mass spectrometer, soil and soil gas 
sampling, wellhead monitoring for volatile organic 
compounds (VOC), and soil sampling technologies. 


EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site 

Hosted by EPA's OSRTI, the Internet site provides 
resources to assist decision-makers to streamline 
activities conducted at hazardous waste sites using 
real-time data and real-time decisions. Descriptions 
of the specific elements of dynamic field activities 
are provided, as well as related guidance documents 
and publications, including links to relevant Internet 
sites. Information about on-site analytical tools 
suitable for use during dynamic field activities also 
is provided. 

EPA Technical Support Project 

EPA's OSWER, regional waste 

management offices, and ORD established 
S the Technical Support Project (TSP) in 

1987 to provide technical assistance to 
regional remedial project managers (RPM), corrective 
action staff, and on-scene coordinators (OSC). The 
TSP consists of a network of Regional Forums and 
specialized Technical Support Centers in ORD, Office 
of Radiation Programs (ORP) laboratories, and 
OSWER's Environmental Response Team. The three 
technical forums within the TSP include the 
Engineering Forum, the Ground Water Forum, and 
the Federal Facilities Forum. Members of these forums 
work to improve communication and assist in 
technical transfer between the regions and the 
centers. The Forums also act as technical resources 
and disseminate TSP information to their regional 
colleagues. TSP issue papers and fact sheets, which 
are available online, provide information on 
remediation technologies or technical issues of 
concern. Technical assistance requests may be 
directed to any of the Technical Support Center 
contacts or to the regional forum representative. 
Contact information can be found on the TSP Web site 
at ivww.epa.gov/tio/tsp. 



Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field 
Sampling and Selecting On-Site 
Analytical Methods for Explosives in 
Water (EPA 600-S-99-002) 

This paper was prepared by members of 
the Federal Facilities Forum, a group of EPA scientists 
and engineers representing EPA regional offices who 
are committed to identification and resolution of 
issues affecting federal facility Superfund and RCRA 
sites. The purpose of the paper is to provide guidance 
to RPMs about field sampling and on-site analytical 
methods for detecting and quantifying secondary 
explosive contaminants in water. The paper is 
divided into the following sections: (1) purpose and 


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scope, (2) background information, (3) overview of 
sampling and analysis of explosives, (4) DQOs, (5) 
sampling and analysis for explosives in water, (6) a 
summary of on-site analytical methods and (7) 
summary of EPA reference analytical methods for 
explosives in water. 

FN*. National Environmental Technology Test 

The National Environmental Technology 

Test Sites (NETTS) Program was 

established by the Strategic 
Environmental Research and Development Program 
(SERDP) in 1993 to facilitate the transition of 
environmental remediation technologies to full-scale 
use by overcoming the barriers that presently inhibit 
commercialization of such technologies. SERDP 
projects focus on five key areas: cleanup, compliance, 
conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO. The 
program provides sites for applied research and 
comparative demonstration and evaluation of 
innovative and potentially cost-effective cleanup, 
characterization, and monitoring technologies. These 
test sites are located at Naval Construction Battalion 
Center, Port Hueneme, California; Dover Air Force 
Base, Delaware; and McClellan Air Force Base, 
Sacramento, California. The NETTS locations offer 
unique environmental settings, media, and 
contaminants for field demonstrations at well- 
characterized test sites as well as the infrastructure 
and site support required for technology 
demonstrations. The program provides infrastructure 
(site preparation, access roads, test pads, offices, 
laboratories, analytical equipment, drill rigs, field 
vehicles, utilities, lighting, fencing, and security) and 
site support (site characterization, demonstration 
oversight, permitting assistance, and technology 
transfer assistance). Information about funding 
opportunities is available at wwiu.serdp.org/funding/ 
funding.html. 



New England Waste Management 
Officials (NEWMOA) 

NEWMOA is a nonprofit, nonpartisan 
interstate association that has a 
membership composed of the hazardous 
waste, solid waste, waste site cleanup, and pollution 
prevention program directors for the environmental 
agencies in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New 
Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, 
and Vermont. The Web site includes information on 
pollution prevention, solid and hazardous waste 
management, waste site cleanup, and brownfields. 


NEWMOA's waste site cleanup program focuses on 
issues of interest to state programs that have 
responsibility for investigation and remediation of 
contaminated sites. The waste site cleanup program 
is working on issues surrounding the redevelopment 
and reuse of contaminated property and the use of 
innovative site characterization and remediation 
technologies. The waste site cleanup program area of 
the Web site contains NEWMOA waste site cleanup 
technology advisory opinions, conference 
presentations and surveys, research briefs, 
workgroup information, and links to other sites. This 
resource assists states in developing effective 
strategies for improving the effectiveness of voluntary 
site cleanups and the redevelopment of brownfields 
sites and increases understanding of methods to meet 
the state program requirements of the new 
brownfields legislation. 



Remedial Technology Development 
Forum (RTDF) 

RTDF, which was established in 1992, is a 
public-private partnership that undertakes 
research, development, demonstration, 
and evaluation efforts focused on finding innovative 
technologies to remediate and to characterize 
contaminated sites. RTDF includes partners from 
industry, several federal and state government 
agencies, and academia who voluntarily share their 
knowledge, experience, equipment, facilities, and 
even proprietary technology to achieve common 
cleanup goals. The RTDF includes eight action teams: 
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium, 
In-Place Inactivation and Natural Ecological 
Restoration Technologies (IINERT) Soil Metals Action 
Team, NAPL Cleanup Alliance, Phytoremediation of 
Organics Action Team, Permeable Reactive Barriers 
(PRB) Action Team, Sediments Remediation Action 
Team, Lasagna™ Partnership (inactive), and In Situ 
Flushing Action Team (inactive). RTDF provides 
updated information on the technologies addressed 
by these teams and other innovative approaches to 
site characterization and treatment. 



Site Characterization Technologies for 
DNAPL Investigations (EPA 542-R-04-017) 

Compiled by EPA's OSRTI, this resource 
provides a summary of information about 
the current state of technologies available 
for locating and characterizing DNAPL contaminated 
sites. This report may be used by remediation site 
managers to identify suitable characterization 
technologies for potential or confirmed DNAPL 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment* Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 49 







ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


contamination, screen the technologies for potential 
application, learn about technology applications at 
similar sites, and locate additional information on 
these technologies. The report describes both 
geophysical and non-geophysical characterization 
technologies as well as characterization technologies 
under evaluation. 


till 

Where Do We Go from Here? ft'X'Xl 

Next Steps 


After you have completed your investigation of the 
environmental conditions at the site, you may take 
one of the following courses of action: 


Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis 
Penetrometer System-SCAPS: Innovative 
Environmental Technology from Concept to 
Commercialization 

The report, which was published by the U.S. Army 
Environmental Center, summarizes the development, 
field demonstration, and regulatory acceptance 
activities associated with the SCAPS technologies that 
are used to detect, identify, and quantify subsurface 
contamination in soil and groundwater. 



U.S. Department of Defense: Strategic 
Environmental Research and 
Development Program (SERDP) 

SERDP is an environmental research and 
development program planned and 
executed and in full partnership with DOE and EPA 
with the participation of numerous other federal and 
nonfederal organizations. Within its broad areas of 
interest, the program focuses on cleanup, compliance, 
conservation, pollution prevention, and UXO 
technologies. SERDP provides demonstration 
opportunities through the NETTS Program and 
encourages technology transfer through an annual 
technical symposium and workshop. SERDP funds 
environmental research and development by both 
government and private sector parties. Additional 
information about SERDP funding may be obtained at 
zvwiv.serdp.org/funding/funding.html. Users can 
access detailed performance and cost information for 
completed demonstrations at the SERDP Web site. 
Users may also subscribe to a mailing list for 
quarterly SERDP updates. 


Results of the Site 
Investigation 


Course of Action 


No contamination is Consult with 

found. appropriate regulatory 

officials before 
proceeding with 
redevelopment 
activities. 


Contamination is Consult with 

found BUT does not appropriate regulatory 

pose a significant officials before 

risk to stakeholders' proceeding with 

human health or the redevelopment 

environment. activities. 


Cleanup of the Proceed to the 

contamination CLEANUP OPTIONS 

found probably will phase. 

require a small 

expenditure of funds 

and time. 


Cleanup of the 
contamination 
found probably will 
require a significant 
expenditure of funds 
and time. However, 
contamination 
does not pose a 
significant threat 
to local residents. 


Determine whether 
redevelopment 
continues to be 
practicable as planned, 
or whether the 
redevelopment plan 
can be altered to fit the 
circumstances; if so, 
proceed to the 
CLEANUP OPTIONS 
phase. 


Contamination is Contact the 

found that poses a appropriate federal, 

significant threat state, local, or tribal 

to local residents. government agencies 

responsible for 
hazardous waste. If 
contamination exists at 
considerable levels, 
compliance with other 
programs, such as 
RCRA and Superfund, 
may be required. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



KEYS TO TECHNOLOGY SELECTION 
AND ACCEPTANCE 


As described throughout the Road Map, innovative 
technologies and technology approaches offer many 
advantages in the cleanup of brownfields sites. Stakeholders 
in such sites, however, first must accept the technology. 
Brownfields decision-makers should consider the following 
elements to increase the likelihood that the technology will be 
accepted, thereby facilitating the cleanup of the site. 


1 Focus on the Decisions that Support Site Goals 


As discussed in Spotlight 7, The Triad approach (see next page), 
systematic planning is an important element of all cleanup 
activities. Clear and specific planning to meet explicit decision 
objectives is essential in managing the process of cleaning up 
contaminated sites: site assessment, site investigation, site 
monitoring, and remedy selection. With good planning, 
brownfields decision-makers can establish the cleanup goals for 
the site, identify the decisions necessary to achieve those goals, 
and develop and implement a strategy for addressing the 
decision needs. Technology decisions are made in the context of 
the requirements for such decisions. All cleanup activities are 
driven by the project goals. An explicit statement of the decisions 
to be made and the way in which the planned approach supports 
the decisions should be included in the work plan. 


2 Build Consensus 


Investing time, before the site work begins, in developing 
decisions that are acceptable to all decision-makers will foster 
more efficient site activities and make successful cleanup more 
likely. Conversely, allowing work to begin at a site before a 



Managing Uncertainty 


Managing uncertainty is the unifying 
theme of the Triad approach, and it is 
a crucial aspect of the effective use of field analytical methods (see 
Spotlight 7, The Triad Approach, on the next page). Although not 
all field analytical technologies employ screening methodologies (for 
example, field-portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry [GC/ 
MS] is a definitive analytical methodology), many such technologies 
(for example, immunoassays) do. In general, data produced by 
screening analytical methods will present more analytical uncertainty 
than data produced by definitive methods. However, that fact in 
itself does not make definitive methods necessarily “better” than 
screening methods. Definitive methods are not fool-proof - 
interferences or other problems can cause a marked increase in their 
analytical uncertainty. On the other hand, a number of strategies can 
be used to minimize the analytical uncertainty inherent in screening 
methods. Such strategies include the selection of appropriate QA/ 
QC procedures to ensure that the data are of known and 
documented quality. Most important, field analytical technologies 
offer the unique ability to cost-effectively manage the largest single 
source of decision error—sampling representativeness—an ability 
that is not available when requirements to use fixed laboratory 
methods discourage proactive management of sampling uncertainty. 


common understanding and 
acceptance of the decisions! 
have been established 
increases the likelihood that' 
the cleanup process will be 
inefficient, resulting in delays 
and inefficient use of time and 
money. Further, decision-makers must 
understand that there is uncertainty in all scientific and technical 
decisions (see below for more information about uncertainty). 
Clearly defining and accepting uncertainty thresholds before 
making decisions about the site remedy will build consensus. 
Decisions also should be made in the context of applicable 
regulatory requirements, political considerations, budget 
available for the project, and time constraints. 


3 Understand the Technology 


A thorough knowledge of a technology’s capabilities and 
limitations is necessary to secure its acceptance. All 
technologies are subject to limitations in performance. Planning 
for the strengths and weaknesses of a technology maximizes 
understanding of its benefits and its acceptance. “Technology 
approvers,” typically regulators, community groups, and financial 
service providers are likely to be more receptive of a new 
approach if the proposer provides a clear explanation of the 
rationale for its use and demonstrates confidence in its 
applicability to specific site conditions and needs. This latter point 
underscores the importance of carefully selecting an experienced, 
multidimensional team of professionals who have the expertise 
necessary to plan, present, and implement the chosen approach. 


Allow Flexibility 


Streamlining site activities, whether site assessment, site 
investigation, removal, treatment, or monitoring, requires a 
flexible approach. Site-specific conditions, including various 
physical conditions, contamination issues, stakeholder needs, 
uses of the site, and supporting decisions, require that all 
decision-makers understand the need for flexibility. Although 
presumptive remedies, standard methods, applications at other 
sites, and program guidance can serve as the basis for 
designing a site-specific cleanup plan and can help decision¬ 
makers avoid “starting from scratch” at each site, decision¬ 
makers should be wary of depending too heavily on “boilerplate 
language” and prescriptive methodologies, as well as standard 
operating procedures and “accepted” methods. While such 
tools provide excellent starting points, they lack the flexibility to 
meet site-specific goals. To ensure an efficient and effective 
cleanup, the actual technology approach, whether established 
or innovative, must focus on decisions specific to the site. 


• Background • Introduction ♦ Before You Begin ♦ Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 51 

















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



THETRIAD APPROACH: 

Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions 

The modernization of the collection, analysis, interpretation, tools are a broad category 
and management of data to support decisions about hazardous of analytical methods and 


waste sites rests on a three-pronged or “triad” approach. The 
introduction of new technologies in a dynamic framework 
allows project managers to meet clearly defined objectives. 
Such an approach incorporates the elements described below 

Systematic planning is a common-sense approach to assuring 
that the level of detail in project planning matches the intended 
use of the data being collected. Once cleanup goals have been 
defined, systematic planning is undertaken to chart a course for 
the project that is resource effective, as well as technically 
sound and defensible to reach these project-critical goals. A 
team of multidisciplinary, experienced technical staff works to 

translate the project’s goals into _ 

realistic technical objectives. The 
CSM is the planning tool that 
organizes the information that already 
is known about the site; the CSM 
helps the team identify the additional 
information that must be obtained. 

The systematic planning process ties 
project goals to individual activities 
necessary to reach these goals by 
identifying data gaps in the CSM. The 
team then uses the CSM to direct the 
gathering of needed information, 
allowing the CSM to evolve and 
mature as work progresses at the site. 

A dynamic working strategy 

approach relies on real-time data to 
reach decision points. The logic for decision-making is 
identified and responsibilities, authority, and lines of 
communication are established. Dynamic work strategy 
implementation relies on and is driven by critical project 
decisions needed to reach closure. It uses a decision-tree and 
real-time uncertainty management practices to reach critical 
decision points in as few mobilizations as possible. Success of 
a dynamic approach depends on the presence of experienced 
staff in the field empowered to make decisions based on the 
decision logic and their capability to deal with new data and any 
unexpected issues, as they arise. Field staff maintain close 
communication with regulators or others overseeing the project 
during implementation of dynamic work plans. 

The use of on-site analytical tools, rapid sampling platforms, and 
on-site interpretation and management of data makes dynamic 
work strategies possible. Such real-time measurement tools are 
among the key streamlined site investigation tools because they 
provide the data that are used for on-site decision-making. The 



equipment that can be 
applied at the sample 
collection site. They include 
methods that can be used 
outdoors with hand-held, portable 
equipment, as well as more rigorous 
methods that require the controlled environments of a mobile 
laboratory (transportable). During the planning process, the team 
identifies the type, rigor, and quantity of data needed to answer the 
questions raised by the CSM. Those decisions then guide the 
design sampling modifications and the selection of analytical tools. 

_ The Triad approach enables project 

managers to minimize uncertainty while 
expediting site cleanup and reducing 
project costs. For example, EPA 
collaborated with the Town of 
Greenwich, Connecticutto implement 
the Triad approach to characterize a 
former power plant site scheduled for 
redevelopment as a waterfront park. 

The Triad approach yielded an 
estimated cost savings of 50 to 60 
percent when compared with a 
traditional approach involving two 
mobilizations and comprehensive 
analytical methods at a fixed laboratory. 
The City of Trenton, New Jersey began 
implementing the Triad approach in 
2001 as part of its program to redevelop a large number of 
abandoned industrial sites. Overall, the Triad approach 
eliminated costs associated with follow-on investigation activities 
while accelerating the redevelopment schedule and reducing 
decision uncertainty. Additional details about these and other 
examples are available in the July 2004 edition of EPA’s 
Technology News and Trends newsletter at 
www.epa.gov/tio/download/newsltrs/tnandt0704.pdf. 

EPA published Using the Triad Approach to Streamline Brownfields 
Site Assessment and Cleanup in June 2003. This document can 
be obtained from EPA’s Brownfields and Land Revitalization 
Technology Support Center at www.brownfieldstsc.org. 

The Triad Resource Center Web site at www.triadcentral.org 
provides information on the Triad approach. 


A Quick Look 

Integrates systematic planning, dynamic work 
strategies, and real-time measurement 
technologies to meet project and program goals. 

Takes advantage of real-time results and data 
assessment to guide additional sampling and to 
minimize mobilization to reach decision points. 
Focuses site activities on project goals, rather 
than on analytical methods, thereby saving time 
and money and fostering better decisions. 
Demonstrated to complete projects faster, 
cheaper, and with greater regulatory 
satisfaction than the traditional phased 
approach to data collection. 


For more information, see the resources numbered 9, 
24, 48, 63, 79, 140, 159, 167, and 174 in the Index of 
Resources beginning on page 1-1. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


fg DATA QUALITY AND REPRESENTATIVENESS: 

Keys to Cost-Effective Site Investigation 


The information value of data depends heavily upon the 
interaction among sampling and analytical designs in 
relation to the intended use of the data, the site-specific 
context surrounding that intended use, and the associated 
quality control. When this concept is understood, on-site 
analytical tools can play a major role in making 
environmental decision-making more efficient, defensible, 
and cost-effective. In today’s industrial and regulatory 
climate, practitioners are often required to make immediate 
decisions that are based on 
dependable, representative data. ^ 

The term “representative data” 
means that there is some stability in 
the samples and assurance of data 
density. On-site analytical 
techniques offer that type of 
decision-making assurance to the 
user of the data. 



A Quick Look 

Data quality is the function of the data’s 
information content and its ability to 
represent the true state of a site. 




Brownfields investigations require 
innovative approaches that are 
faster, cheaper, and better than 
common practices. The faster 
approach reduces sample 
turnaround times, facilitates in-field 
decision-making, and minimizes deployment time of crew 
and equipment. The more cost-effective approach is used 
to reduce analytical costs, field-labor costs, and completion 
times. The better approach results in data quality that is as 
accurate as that attained by fixed off-site laboratories and 
refined data analysis based on the results of on-site 
screening. Brownfields sites are essentially industrial sites 
at which people will want to take measurements, determine 
the extent of contamination, and institute a plan. The 
sampling designs for such sites will be dynamic in nature; 
therefore, the real-time analytical capability offered by field- 
portable instruments will be essential in successful 
sampling. Data representativeness will become 
increasingly important in site characterization and 
remediation projects in the near future because it supports 
the dynamic approach by providing real-time feedback. 

With liability an important consideration at brownfields 
sites, managing uncertainties and having representative 
data that reflect the true site conditions is critical to property 
transactions. Data representativeness can be used 
successfully to generate scientifically sound data that are 
able to support defensible project decisions at substantial 


Data representativeness is the measure 
of the degree to which samples can be 
used to estimate the characteristics of 
the true state of a hazardous waste site. 


Brownfields are considered an “up-and- 
coming” application in which data 
quality and representativness will play 
an important role. 


cost savings over the 
cost of current practices. 

Increased sampling 
efficiencies, fostered by 
the use of innovative 
technologies, allow more 
targeted sample collection efforts 
that minimize the handling of samples that provide little value 
in meeting site-specific data quality objectives. Increased 

field analytical productivity is 
obtained when the type of analysis 
performed is targeted so that more 
samples can be analyzed each day, 
thereby bringing about more rapid 
site characterizations and verification 
of cleanup. When data needs are 
articulated clearly, and when a 
number of modern sampling and 
analytical options are available, it is 
possible to optimize data collection 
so that the information produced is 
accurate for its intended purpose 
while still being less costly than 
previously possible. When applied 
carefully, on-site analytical methods offer representative and 
decision-quality data with the added benefits of increased 
sampling density and real-time availability of results. 

Although traditional approaches have tended to focus 
heavily on the capabilities of definitive analytical methods, 
the effect of sampling error on the representativeness of 
monitoring and measurement activities also should be 
considered. It is important to determine how data obtained 
from quality assessment samples can be used to identify 
and control in the measurement process sources of 
sampling error and uncertainties. 

By increasing sampling density, made possible and cost- 
effective with the use of new sampling and analytical tools, 
decision-makers can reduce uncertainty and increase 
understanding of the true conditions of a site. This should 
increase comfort among site owners, buyers, regulators, and 
surrounding communities, as well as reduce the likelihood of 
errors and omissions that could negatively affect the site later. 

For more information, see the resources numbered 
30, 35, 36, 79, 86, and 154 in the Index of 
Resources beginning on page 1-1. 


• Background • Introduction * Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 53 














ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 




SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION 


EFFORTS 

State and tribal response programs oversee assessment 
and cleanup activities at most of the brownfields sites 
across the country. EPA provides technical assistance 
and other support to states and tribes in order to help 
them implement more effective approaches to attaining 
productive reuse of sites. Two examples of tribal 
revitalization efforts in partnership with EPA that are 
based on the use of the Triad approach involve the 
Tohono O’odham Nation in Arizona and the Crow Creek 
Sioux Nation in South Dakota. 

In October 2002, the Tohono O’odham Nation requested 
that EPA’s BTSC provide support for planning an 
environmental investigation for the former Minerec 
Mining Chemical facility. The 
Minerec facility was constructed 
in 1990 on native desert in the 
San Xavier Business Park on 
land leased from the Tohono 
O’odham Nation. In 1991, 

Minerec began limited 
production of sulfur-containing 
chemicals that are used in the 
mining industry to separate ore 
and a pesticide for agricultural 
use. Although known locations 
of chemical releases to facility 
soil have been investigated, 
studies have concluded that 
further investigation is needed. 

Investigations would be 
conducted to address uncertainties regarding 
undocumented, undiscovered releases that may have 
impacted the facility and to further define areas of known 
releases to support site cleanup planning. 

Systematic planning involved developing a CSM to 
incorporate existing information and to help design and 
direct data collection activities supporting reuse plans. 
The three main tasks identified by BTSC for the 
investigation included: 

• Conducting a soil gas survey using direct-push 
drilling methodology for sample collection and an on¬ 
site laboratory for analysis 

• Collecting and analyzing subsurface soil samples to a 
depth of 20 feet using direct-push drilling 
methodology and an on-site laboratory 



A Quick Look 


• Further assessing 
vertical migration of 
contamination and 
potential 

groundwater impacts 
(if the joint two tasks 
indicated a potential threat 
to groundwater). 

The soil gas and soil boring investigations were to be 
conducted in a single mobilization. 

The use of a CSM enabled the Tohono O’odham Nation to 
establish a course for the project that is resource-effective, 

technically sound, and defensible. 
The systematic planning process 
made use of a decision tree and 
real-time uncertainty management 
practices to reach critical decision 
points in a single mobilization. 


EPA provides technical assistance and 
other support to states and tribes that are 
interested in implementing more effective 
approaches to attaining productive reuse 
of sites. 

The use of a CSM enabled the Tohono 
O’odham Nation to establish a course for 
its project that is resource-effective, 
technically sound, and defensible. 

Careful planning and the use of creative 
field-based technologies helped EPA 
Region 8 and the Crow Creek Sioux Nation 
to produce a higher density of data and 
affordably manage uncertainty. 


At the Ft. Thompson landfill, the 
Crow Creek Sioux Nation worked 
with EPA Region 8 to apply the 
Triad approach in order to develop 
a model for landfill closure. Tribal 
concerns about the landfill site 
involved impacts on residences 
and recreational areas, surface 
water impacts, the ability to reuse 
land for grazing and other habitat 
purposes, and official site closure. 

The Ft. Thompson landfill, a 12.5-acre community dump 
used from the 1960s through 2000 for waste burning and 
disposal, was used primarily by homeowners and small 
businesses. The potential existed for disposal of 
pesticides, petroleum products, batteries, and metals. A 
soil cover had been placed over the dump; some pits and 
burn areas remained visible. 

BTSC assisted EPA Region 8 in formulating an initial CSM that: 

• Focused data needs on surface soil and surface water 
(runoff) pathways instead of the landfill 

• Improved data density through use of field-based 
methods and a dynamic work strategy 

• Helped Region 8 develop a model for landfill 


investigations 


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Continued 


SUPPORTING TRIBAL REVITALIZATION 

EFFORTS 


Based on BTSC recommendations, the project team: 

• Eliminated the need to drill into and beneath the 
landfill (potentially creating new pathways) 

• Selected field-based methods to characterize soil and 
sediment for metals (X-ray fluorescence), total 
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (colorimetric test kits), 
and chlordane and other chlorinated pesticides 
(immunoassay test kits) 

Careful planning helped to ensure that the data 

collected would meet the intended use. Creative field- 


based technologies were used to affordably manage 
uncertainty, producing a higher density of data and 
more defensible decisions. The end result is that 
decisions made about the site were supported by better 
information, thus providing a model for future 
investigations of this type. 

The two examples summarized above demonstrate the 
benefits of improved decision-making through systematic 
planning. For more information, visit 

www.brownfieldstsc.org. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 55 










ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT 
AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES 


Background 

The enactment of the Small Business Liability Relief and 
Brownfields Revitalization Act expanded the definition of 
brownfields to include mine-scarred lands (MSL), 
making these properties eligible for the benefits of the 
Brownfields Program. MSLs are defined as lands, 
associated waters, and surrounding watersheds where 
extraction, beneficiation, or processing of ores and 
minerals (including coal) has occurred. It is estimated 
that there are more than 500,000 
abandoned mining sites 
composed of hard rock and coal 
mines located on both public and 
private land across the United 
States that involve complex 
economic, social, and 
environmental issues. MSLs have 
become a persistent problem in 
many communities because of the 
economic and environmental 
challenges of cleaning up and 
reusing the lands. 



production; pulp and 
paper production; sugar 
beet processing; and 
energy production from 
coal or wood. The 
residuals can readily 
contribute to rebuilding soil 
through their ability to re-establish 
structure and function by adding organic matter and 


A Quick Look 


The inclusion of MSLs in the 
Brownfields Program 
strengthens existing mine 
reclamation programs 
administered by the U.S. Department of Interior’s (DOI) 
Office of Surface Mining. The Surface Mining Control 
and Reclamation Act governs surface coal mining 
activities and established the abandoned mine land 
reclamation fund. The MSL Working Group, which is 
composed of six federal agencies, is co-chaired by 
EPA’s Office of Brownfields Cleanup and 
Redevelopment and DOI’s Office of Surface Mining. 
The MSL Working Group was established to 
collaboratively address the challenges of MSL cleanup 
and revitalization. 

Hard Rock Mining - Remediation Through Addition of 
Residuals 

Several EPA Superfund sites were contaminated by hard 
rock mining. At some of these sites, contaminated soils 
are being addressed through use of residuals. Examples 
of processes that generate potentially useful residuals 
include dairy, swine, and chicken farming; wastewater 
treatment; drinking water treatment; phosphorus 


The inclusion of MSLs in the 
Brownfields Program strengthens 
existing mine reclamation programs. 

The addition of residuals to soils at 
abandoned mine sites can help to 
rebuild the soils in support of further 
revitalization. 

The Triad approach has proven useful in 
addressing various types of 
contamination present on abandoned 
mine lands. 

Other innovative approaches are being 
demonstrated to support remediation of 
abandoned mine lands. 


nutrients to the disturbed soils. As 
a result of recreating a fertile soil 
horizon, the soil microbial 
community, invertebrates, and 
plants will be re-established and it 
will be possible to attain a self- 
sustaining system. More 
importantly, in the proper 
amendment ratios, residuals can be 
used to address problems of metal 
toxicity and acidity. In addition to 
residual use at upland sites, 
materials such as wood ash, log 
yard debris, and biosolids compost 
have been used to correct toxicity in 
a tailings pond in order to re¬ 
establish wetland functions. 


Use of Triad Approach 

Various types of contamination associated with coal 
mining may be addressed using the Triad approach, 
including contamination related to waste and ash disposal 
areas, on-site industrial facilities, chemical and solvent 
storage equipment, buildings and electrical transformers, 
petroleum storage and usage equipment, and acid mine 
drainage. Systematic planning, dynamic work strategies, 
and real-time measurement were applied to several 
aspects of the investigation. 

BTSC provided technical assistance for a pilot project at 
the Dark Shade Brownfields Site in Somerset County, 
Pennsylvania. The project focused on applying the Triad 
approach to investigation activities. The planning was 
based on a reuse scenario that includes reclamation of the 
buildings located on site as office space or for other 
industrial applications. The objectives for the Phase II 
investigation are as follows: 

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Continued 


INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT 

AND CLEANUP OF MINING SITES 


Identify whether contaminants are present at 
concentrations above Act 2 industrial reuse levels in 
soil and surface water inside and outside the existing 
structures 

Identify whether disposal or recycling restrictions 
must be considered prior to removal of existing 
equipment from the buildings 

Identify whether the configuration of the groundwater 
flow regime in the area suggests that basement 
flooding has resulted from groundwater infiltration or 
an influx of surface water 

Identify options for removal and disposal of the water 
currently present in the flooded basements of the 
existing structures 


Collecting wipe, surface water, soil, and groundwater 
samples to evaluate the potential presence of PCB- 
containing oil in or on the existing transformers and 
other machinery 

Evaluating whether the water in flooded basements is 
contaminated with PCBs, solvents, polynuclear 
aromatics, or petroleum hydrocarbons (concentrations 
contaminants of potential concern) at concentrations 
that would require special handling of water during its 
disposal or could indicate the presence of a source 

Establishing the lateral and vertical extent of 
contaminants of potential concern in unsaturated soil 

Estimating the direction of groundwater flow and depth 
to groundwater beneath the site 


• Identify whether groundwater sampling and analysis 
activities need to be performed and, if so, for what 
constituents 

• Determine what remediation, if any, should be considered 

The following areas were identified for application of the 
Triad approach: 


Other Innovative Approaches 

EPA and other organizations continue to demonstrate and 
evaluate innovative technologies for the reclamation of 
mining sites. EPA is developing a primer on mining that 
will include an overview of innovative approaches that are 
suitable for consideration for mining sites. 

Additional information is available at www.epa.gov/ 
superfund/programs/aml. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin * Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 57 







ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


ASSESSMENT OF 
CLEANUP OPTIONS 


Evaluate Applicable Cleanup 
Alternatives for the Site 


The review and analysis of cleanup alternatives relies 
on the data collected during the site assessment and 
investigation phases, which are discussed in the 
preceding sections of the Road Map. The purpose of 
evaluating various technologies is to identify those 
technologies with the capability to meet specific 
cleanup and redevelopment objectives. For 
brownfields sites, it also is important to consider 
budget requirements and to maintain a work schedule 
so that the project remains financially viable. 


Institutional controls also are an important 
consideration during this phase. Examples of such 
legal and administrative requirements include 
easements, covenants, zoning restrictions, and the 
posting of advisories to increase community awareness 
of the environmental conditions and cleanup activities 
at the site. See Spotlight 16, Understanding the Role of 
Institutional Controls at Brownfields Sites, for more 
information about institutional controls. 



Factors that should be considered during the 

evaluation of cleanup options include: 

1. How do we determine the appropriate and feasible 
level of cleanup? Are there federal, state, local, and 
tribal requirements for cleanup? Should risk-based 
approaches be considered as an option for 
assessing exposure (see the definition of risk-based 
corrective action [RBCA] in Appendix B, List of 
Acronyms and Glossary of Key Terms)? Are there 
prescribed standards for cleanup? Are there 
provisions for using presumptive remedies? 

2. What factors are associated with the implementation 
of cleanup options? Will the cleanup facilitate or 
hinder the planned redevelopment? How long will 
cleanup take? What will cleanup cost? What are the 
short-term and long-term effects of the cleanup 
technologies under consideration? 

3. Are the cleanup options compatible with regional 
or local planning and development goals and 
requirements? Can redevelopment activities (such 
as construction or renovation of buildings) be 
conducted concurrently with cleanup? 





















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


4. How can the community participate in the review 
and selection of cleanup options? Are the options 
acceptable in light of community concerns about 
protection during cleanup and reuse of the site? 
What environmental standards should be 
considered to ensure that community stakeholders 
are satisfied with the outcome and process of 
cleanup, given the intended reuse? 

5. Is there a need for institutional controls after 
cleanup? Are proposed institutional controls 
appropriate in light of community concerns and 
access to and use of the property? Will 
institutional controls facilitate or hinder 
development? What plans, including financial 
assurances, are being made to ensure that 
institutional controls remain in place as long as 
contamination is present? 

6. What options are available to monitor the 
performance of cleanup technologies? 


How Do We Find the Answers? 


The process of reviewing and analyzing cleanup 
options and technology alternatives usually follows 
these steps: 

• Establish goals for cleanup that consider the end 
use and use applicable standards, published state 
or federal guidelines, RBCAs, or site-specific risk 
assessment results 

• Educate members of the community about the site 
cleanup selection process and actively involve 
them in decision-making 

• Review general information about cleanup 
technologies to become familiar with those that 
may be applicable to a particular site: 

- Use the resources in this publication 

- See Appendix A, Table A-3, Technologies for 
Treating Contaminants Found at Brownfields Sites, 
for examples of technologies that are appropriate for 
specific types of contaminants 

- Conduct searches of existing literature that further 
describes the technology alternatives 

- Analyze detailed technical information about the 
applicability of technology alternatives 


• Narrow the list of potential technologies that are 
most appropriate for addressing the 
contamination identified at the site and that are 
compatible with the specific conditions of the site 
and the proposed reuse of the property: 

- Network ivith other broivnfields stakeholders and 
environmental professionals to learn about their 
experiences and to tap their expertise 

- Determine whether sufficient data are available to 
support identification and evaluation of cleanup 
alternatives 

- Evaluate the options against a number of factors, 
including toxicity levels, exposure pathways, 
associated risks, future land use, and economic 
considerations 

- Analyze the applicability of a particular technology 
to the contamination identified at a site 

- Determine the effects of various technology 
alternatives on redevelopment objectives 

• Continue to work with appropriate regulatory 
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements 
are addressed properly: 

- Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local, and 
tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the 
decision-making process as early as possible 

- Contact the EPA regional brownfields coordinator to 
identify and determine the availability of EPA 
support programs 

• Integrate cleanup alternatives with reuse 
alternatives to identify potential constraints on 
reuse and time schedules and to assess cost and 
risk factors 

• To provide a measure of certainty and stability to 
the project, investigate environmental insurance 
policies, such as protection against cost overruns, 
undiscovered contamination, and third-party 
litigation, and integrate their cost into the project 
financial package 

• Select an acceptable remedy that not only achieves 
cleanup goals and addresses the risk of 
contamination, but also best meets the objectives 
for redevelopment and reuse of the property and is 
compatible with the needs of the community 

• Communicate information about the proposed 
cleanup option to brownfields stakeholders, 
including the affected community 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 59 








ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Where Do We Find Answers to Our 


Technology Questions? 



Examples of resources that will assist in reviewing 
and analyzing cleanup options are listed on the 
following pages. Resources are listed alphabetically 
under the following categories: 


having experience in remediating UXO-contaminated 
sites. The report supports early and meaningful state 
regulatory involvement in the selection of innovative 
UXO characterization and remediation technologies. 
The report also offers recommendations to ensure the 
appropriate participation of states in the selection of 
technologies for characterizing and remediating 
UXO-contaminated sites. 


A Resources for Cleanup Options 

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options 

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options 


Access the Road Map online at 
www.brownfieldstsc.org to view or download the 
following resources electronically or to obtain a link 
that provides complete ordering information. 


A. Resources for Cleanup Options 

The documents listed below are resources that 
provide general information about the availability of 
technology resources in the form of bibliographies, 
status reports, and user guides. 


ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective 
Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites (E1739- 
95el(2003)) 

The purpose of the guide is to define RBCA as a 
process for assessing and responding to a petroleum 
release in a manner that ensures the protection of 
human health and the environment. The guide will 
assist brownfields decision-makers who wish to 
become familiar with another approach that can be 
used to assess environmental risk at a site, in 
conformity with applicable federal, state, local, and 
tribal regulations. The diversity and flexibility of a 
RBCA approach is defined and discussed, and the 
tiered approach of the process is summarized. 
Although the RBCA process is not limited to a 
particular site, the guide emphasizes the use of RBCA 
in response to releases of petroleum. Examples of 
RBCA applications also are provided. The guide, 
which is available at a cost, can be ordered online at 
www.astm.org. 

Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative 
Technologies: State Regulatory Role in Unexploded 
Ordnance Detection and Characterization 
Technology Selection 

The report, which was published in 2000 by the ITRC, 
contains an analysis of case studies from states 


Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and 
Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative 
Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 
542-R-01-005) 

BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners, 
project managers, and others preparing RFPs to 
solicit support in conducting activities to 
investigate and clean up contaminated sites. It is 
specifically intended to assist those individuals in 
writing specifications that encourage contractors 
and technology vendors to propose options for 
using innovative characterization and remediation 
technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also 
provides information, from a technology 
perspective, to guide review teams in their 
evaluations of proposals and the selection of 
qualified contractors. 



Citizen's Guides to Understanding 
Innovative Treatment Technologies 

The guides are prepared by EPA to provide 
site managers with nontechnical outreach 
materials that they can share with 
communities in the vicinity of sites. The guides 
present information on innovative technologies that 
have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites, 
provide overviews of the technologies, and present 
success stories about sites at which innovative 
technologies have been applied. Both English and 
Spanish versions of the guides are available. The 
guides contain information on the following subjects: 


- NEW! Activated carbon treatment (EPA 542-F-01-020) 

- NEW! Air stripping (EPA 542-F-01-016) 

- NEW! Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001) 

- Capping (EPA 542-F-01-022) 

- NEW! Chemical dehalogenation (EPA 542-F-01-010) 

- Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-015) 

- Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015) 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


- In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01-011) 

- NEW! In situ thermal treatment methods 
(EPA 542-F-01-012) 

- Incineration (EPA 542-F-01-018) 

- Monitored natural attenuation (EPA 542-F-01-004) 

- NEW! Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01-005) 

- NEW! Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-01-002) 

- Pump and treat (EPA 542-F-01-025) 

- NEW! Soil excavation (EPA 542-F-01-023) 

- NEW! Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008) 

- Solidification/stabilization (EPA 542-F-01-024) 

- Solvent extraction (EPA 542-F-01-009) 

- NEW! Soil vapor extraction (SVE) and air sparging 
(EPA 542-F-01-006) 

- Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003) 

- Vitrification (EPA 542-F-01-017) 


Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World 
Wide Web (CLU-IN) 

The Internet site, which was developed by EPA, 
provides information about innovative treatment 
technologies and site characterization technologies 
to the hazardous waste remediation community. 
CLU-IN describes programs, organizations, 
publications, and other tools for EPA and other 
federal and state personnel, consulting engineers, 
technology developers and vendors, remediation 
contractors, researchers, community groups, and 
individual citizens. Information about issues 
related to remediation and site characterization 
also is provided: technology verification and 
evaluation; technology selection tools; 
contaminant-specific information, guidance and 
application support; case studies; regulatory 
development; and publications. 

Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing 
the Brownfields Initiatives (EPA 625-R-99-001) 

The guide is one in a series of publications 
designed to assist communities, states, 
municipalities, and the private sector to address 
brownfields sites more effectively. The guide. 


which is designed to be used with the three guides 
for specific types of sites - Technical Approaches to 
Characterizing and Cleaning Up Automotive 
Repair Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative, 
Technical Approaches to Characterizing and 
Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the 
Brownfields Initiative, and Technical Approaches 
to Characterizing and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing 
Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative - provides 
information about cost estimating tools and 
resources for addressing cleanup costs at 
brownfields sites. Many decision-makers at 
brownfields sites may choose to assign the 
preparation of cost estimates to consultants who 
are experienced in the cleanup of hazardous waste 
sites; however, it benefits those decision-makers to 
be able to provide guidance to their consultants 
and to understand the process sufficiently well to 
provide an informed review of the estimates 
prepared. The guide provides general information 
about the cost estimation process and includes 
summaries of various types of estimates. The guide 
also outlines the process of developing "order of 
magnitude" cost estimates. Information about 
resources, databases, and models also is provided. 



Directory of Technical Assistance for 
Land Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B- 
03-001) 

BTSC has prepared this directory to 
provide information about technical 
assistance that is available from federal agencies to 
assist regional, state, and local government personnel 
in making assessment and cleanup decisions for 
brownfields, reuse, and revitalization sites. This 
directory includes information about 37 
organizations within 10 federal agencies that provide 
different types of support to help with site assessment 
and cleanup, including technical support and 
funding sources. Profiles are included for these 
agencies and organizations and contain the following 
types of information: background and location 
information, relevancy to revitalization, description of 
the areas of expertise available, discussion of the 
types of services available, types of funding available 
and eligibility, contact information and the process 
for requesting assistance, and examples of specific 
instances in which the organization has previously 
provided support relevant to site revitalization. 
Information in the profiles is believed to be current as 
of March 2003. To help maintain current information, 
the directory is available as an online searchable 
database at www.brownfieldstsc.org!directory. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 61 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative 
Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable 
Database 

The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases 
sponsored by EPA's OSRTI, is a service provided free of 
charge to both users and technology vendors. EPA 
REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. This 
database provides users with comprehensive, up-to- 
date information about more than 254 characterization 
technologies and 484 remediation technologies and 
their applications. It combines information submitted 
by technology sendee providers about remediation and 
characterization technologies with information from 
EPA, DoD, DOE, and state project managers about sites 
at which innovative technologies are being deployed. 
During the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, 
EPA REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to 
learn about and become familiar with the range of 
available cleanup technology options that can be 
employed during the investigation and the cleanup 
phases that follow, as well as data about various types 
of sites. EPA updates all of the information available in 
the system about every six months. Technology 
vendors may also add or update information in EPA 
REACH IT at any time through the Data Entry System 
or by submitting information by mail. You can search 
the EPA REACH IT system in several ways. Various 
search options are available for a user on the home 
page, including Custom Search; Spotlight; Most 
Common Searches; Saved Searches; Guided Search; and 
Vendor, Technology, and Site Index. For questions 
about whether a technology is eligible for listing in EPA 
REACH IT, the user may contact the EPA REACH IT 
help line at (800) 245-4505 or (703) 390-0713 or send an 
e-mail to epareachit@ttemi.com. 

Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision 
Support Software (DSS) 

Developed by DOE's Office of Environmental 
Management, the report evaluates DSS, computer- 
based systems that facilitate the use of data, models, 
and structured decision processes in making 
decisions related to environmental management. The 
report evaluates 19 such systems through the 
application of a rating system that favors software 
that simulates a wide range of environmental 
problems. It includes a glossary of terms and a 
statement of the rationale for the selection of various 
aspects of the performance of the DSS for evaluation. 

Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at 
Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005) 

The report provides a national retrospective analysis of 
the field performance of barrier systems, as well as 


information that could be useful in developing guidance 
on the use and evaluation of such systems. The report 
contains information about the design, application, and 
performance of subsurface engineered barriers. 



Federal Remediation Technologies 
Roundtable Case Studies 

The case studies provide the user with 
information about specific characterization 
and remediation technology optimization 
applications. Four focus areas have been established by 
FRTR for providing performance and cost information on 
technology applications: remediation case study reports, 
characterization and monitoring case study reports, 
technology assessment reports, and long-term 
monitoring/optimization case study reports. FRTR case 
studies are developed by DoD, USACE, the U.S. Navy, the 
U.S. Air Force, DOE, DOI, and EPA. The case studies 
focus on full-scale and large field demonstration projects 
and include site background information, technology 
descriptions, cost and performance information, and 
lessons learned. The technologies include innovative 
and conventional treatment technologies for 
contaminated soil, groundwater, and solid media. Users 
can search the case studies by groups of contaminants, 
media, waste management practices that contribute to 
contamination, and treatment systems. 


Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and 
Performance Information for Remediation Projects 
(EPA 542-B-98-007) 

The document recommends the types of data that 
should be collected to document the performance and 
cost of future cleanups. The guide specifies data 
elements for 13 conventional and innovative cleanup 
technologies: soil bioventing, soil flushing, soil vapor 
extraction, groundwater sparging, in situ groundwater 
remediation, pump-and-treat technologies, 
composting, incineration, land treatment, slurry-phase 
soil bioremediation, soil washing, stabilization, and 
thermal desorption. The document provides site 
managers with a standard set of parameters for 
documenting completed remediation projects. A 
number of federal agencies have made commitments to 
using the guidance to collect data for full-scale 
cleanups, demonstrations, and treatability studies. 


Innovative Remediation and Site 
Characterization Technologies Resources 
(EPA 542-C-04-002) 

Produced by EPA's OSRTI, this CD-ROM 
contains resources that provide information 
to help federal, state, and private sector site managers 



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evaluate site assessment and cleanup alternatives. The 
ability to gain access to resources that provide 
information about innovative site characterization and 
remediation technologies will increase the 
understanding of those technologies and of the cost and 
performance factors related to them. Such 
understanding is essential to consideration of those 
technologies for use in addressing contamination at 
hazardous waste sites. The information on the CD-ROM 
is broken down into seven categories: bulletins, fact 
sheets, journals, and newsletters; community 
involvement support; electronic resources; organizations, 
programs, and partnerships; publication clearinghouses; 
publications; and regulatory resources. Several 
resources included on the CD-ROM also are available at 
the Road Map online. Copies of the CD-ROM can be 
ordered through NSCEP at P.O. Box 42419, Cincinnati, 
Ohio 45242-2419 or by calling (800) 490-9198 toll free. 

Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale 
Demonstration Projects in North America, 2nd 
Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004) 

EPA's publication. Completed North American Innovative 
Technology Demonstration Projects, is available in an 
online, searchable database of ongoing and completed 
field demonstrations of innovative remediation 
technologies sponsored by government agencies 
working in partnership with private technology 
developers to bring new technologies into the 
hazardous waste remediation marketplace. 

Rapid Commercialization Initiative Final Report for 
an Integrated In Situ Remediation Technology 
(Lasagna™) (DOE/OR/22459-1) 

This report describes demonstration results for the 
Lasagna™ process, a process which uses established 
geotechnical methods to install degradation zones in 
contaminated soil and electrosmosis to move the 
contaminants back and forth through these zones 
until treatment is completed. 

Remediation Technologies Screening 
Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0 

The document, which was developed by 
FRTR, is intended to help site remediation 
project managers to narrow the field of 
remediation alternatives and identify potentially 
applicable technologies for more detailed assessment 
and evaluation before remedy selection. The document 
is divided into five sections: Introduction, 

Contaminant Perspectives, Treatment Perspectives, 
Treatment Technology Profiles, and References. The 
document summarizes the strengths and weaknesses 


of innovative and conventional technologies for 
remediation of soils, sediments, sludges, groundwater, 
surface water, and air emissions and off-gases; it 
focuses primarily on demonstrated technologies. 
Treatment, containment, separation of wastes, and 
enhanced recovery technologies are covered. 
Additional information resources also are included. 

Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the 
Superfund Land Use Directive (OSWER Directive 
9355.7-06P) 

This memorandum, which was signed on June 4, 2001, 
by EPA's OERR, presents information that supports 
the development of assumptions related to future land 
use when making remedy selection decisions for 
response actions conducted at Superfund sites. The 
Reuse Assessment guide, which provides information 
about the collection and evaluation of information for 
developing assumptions, and the Superfund Land Use 
Directive, which provides basic information about 
developing and using future land use assumptions to 
support Superfund remedial actions, are included as 
attachments to the directive. 

Site Remediation Technology InfoBase: A Guide to 
Federal Programs, Information Resources, and 
Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup 
Technologies, Second Edition (EPA 542-B-00-005) 

Prepared by the member agencies of FRTR, the guide 
identifies programs, resources, and publications of 
the federal government related to technologies for the 
cleanup of contaminated sites. 

Superfund Innovative Technology 
Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles, 
Eleventh Edition 

Developed by EPA's SITE Program, these 
documents (contained in three volumes) 
provide profiles of more than 150 demonstration, 
emerging, and monitoring and measurement 
technologies currently being evaluated. Each 
technology profile identifies the developer and 
process name of the technology, describes the 
technology, discusses its applicability to waste, and 
provides a project status report and contact 
information. The profiles also include summaries of 
demonstration results, if available. The following 
volumes are available: Demonstration Program, 
Volume 1 (EPA 540-R-03-501); Emerging Technology 
Program, Volume 2 (EPA 540-R-03-501A); and 
Monitoring and Measurement Program, Volume 3 
(EPA 540-R-03-501B). 




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TechKnow™ Database 

Developed by the Global Network of Environment 
and Technology (GNET), TechKnow is an online, 
interactive database that allows users to gain access 
to and provide information about innovative and 
sustainable technologies. For each technology 
profiled, a summary, development information, 
status, and cost is provided. The Internet site also 
provides contact information for the technologies. 
Users may access the TechKnow database at 
www.techknow.org. There is no cost to use 
TechKnow, but users are required to register on 
GNET. 

Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: 

Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition) 

(EPA 542-R-03-009) 

This report, which was developed by EPA, 

documents the status and achievements 
(as of March 2003) of treatment technology 
applications for soil, other solid wastes, and 
groundwater at Superfund sites. The data in this 
report were gathered from Superfund records of 
decision (ROD) from fiscal years (FY) 1982 through 
2002, close-out reports (COR) from FYs 1983 through 
2002, and project managers at Superfund remedial 
action sites. The report examines in situ and ex situ 
treatment technologies for soil, sludge, sediment, 
other solid matrix wastes, and NAPLs; in situ and ex 
situ P&T groundwater treatment technologies; 
vertical engineered barriers (VEB); and the selection 
of MNA remedies for groundwater. This edition of 
the annual status report summarizes 1,811 
technology applications identified for Superfund 
remedial actions. EPA created a searchable, online 
system to allow access to the data that form the basis 
for this report. This searchable system is available at 
http://cfpub.epa.gov/asrl . 

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Options 

Listed below are survey reports on the application of 
innovative technologies to specific contaminants and 
site types. 


document explains the technology and demonstration 
design and provides an assessment of the 
performance and cost of the technology in field 
applications. 

Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, 
Waste, and Water (EPA 542-R-02-042) 

This report, which was prepared by EPA, 
contains current information on treatment 
technologies for wastes and 
environmental media containing arsenic. The 
intended audience for the report includes hazardous 
waste site managers, generators and treaters of 
arsenic-contaminated waste and wastewater, owners 
and operators of drinking water treatment plants, 
regulators, and the interested public. The report 
summarizes information on 13 technologies used to 
treat arsenic, identifies sites and facilities where 
arsenic treatment has been used, and provides 
references to more detailed arsenic treatment 
information. 

Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ 
Technique for Cleaning Oil-Contaminated Sites 

The document, which is based on a review of the 
relevant literature, provides examples of the 
phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and 
discusses the key mechanisms of that process, as well 
as the special considerations involved in 
phytoremediation of petrochemicals. The document 
also discusses the benefits, limitations, and costs of 
phytoremediation, compared with alternative 
approaches, including natural attenuation, 
engineering, and bioremediation. 

Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs (EPA 510-B-00-001) 

The booklet provides an annotated list of UST 
materials and includes ordering information. Many 
of the informational leaflets, booklets, videos, and 
software items listed are designed to provide UST 
owners and operators with information to help them 
comply with the federal UST requirements. 




Air Sparging: Technology Transfer and 
Multi-Site Evaluation (CU-9808) 

Developed by ESTCP, this document 
presents an evaluation of the Air Sparging 
Design Paradigm implemented at 10 field 
sites. The goal of the study was to determine the 
effectiveness of the paradigm and to modify it as 
necessary based on the results of the evaluation. The 


DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects 
Approaching Regulatory Closure - Status 
Update (EPA 542-R-04-016) 

This paper, which was prepared by EPA's 
OSRTI, is a status update on the use of 
DNAPL source reduction remedial technologies. The 
document provides information about recent projects 
in which regulatory closure has been reached and 
projects that are approaching regulatory closure 



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following source reduction. Information is presented 
about the challenges associated with DNAPL 
remediation and the types of in situ technologies 
used, and data and findings are included concerning 
the relative effectiveness of field applications of these 
technologies. Project profiles for eight field 
applications are provided that illustrate some of the 
findings presented in the paper. 



EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical 
Approaches to Characterizing and 
Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites 
Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA 
625-R-98-007) 


The Brownfields Guides, which were developed by 
EPA ORD, are designed to help communities, states, 
municipalities, and the private sector address 
brownfields sites more effectively. EPA has 
developed this "Iron and Steel" guide to provide 
decision-makers such as city planners, private sector 
developers, and others involved in redeveloping 
brownfields with a better understanding of the 
technical issues involved in assessing and cleaning 
up iron and steel mill sites so they can make the most 
informed decisions possible. This guide provides the 
user with an understanding of common industrial 
processes at iron and steel mills and the relationship 
between these processes and potential releases of 
contaminants to the environment. The guide also 
includes a discussion of site assessment, screening 
and cleanup levels, and technologies that can be used 
to assess and clean up the types of contaminants 
likely to be present at iron and steel mill sites. A list 
of relevant acronyms, a glossary of key terms, and an 
extensive bibliography are also provided. 



EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - 
Technical Approaches to Characterizing 
and Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites 
Under the Brownfields Initiative (EPA 
625-R-98-006) 

The Brownfields Guides, which were developed by 
EPA ORD, are designed to help communities, states, 
municipalities, and the private sector address 
brownfields sites more effectively. EPA has 
developed this "Metal Finishing" guide to provide 
those involved in redeveloping brownfields with a 
better understanding of the technical issues involved 
in assessing and cleaning up metal finishing sites so 
they can make the most informed decisions possible. 
This guide provides the user with an understanding 
of common industrial processes at metal finishing 
facilities and the relationship between these 


processes and potential releases of contaminants to 
the environment. It also provides information on the 
types of contaminants likely to be present at these 
sites. The guide includes a discussion of a 
conceptual framework for pathways by which 
contaminants may migrate off site and environmental 
and human health concerns to be considered when 
cleanup options for these sites are evaluated. In 
addition, a list of relevant acronyms, a glossary of key 
terms, and an extensive bibliography are provided. 

Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of Operating 
Experience at 28 Sites (EPA 542-R-99-006) 

The report summarizes information about the 
groundwater remediation systems at 28 sites 
throughout the United States at which completed or 
ongoing groundwater cleanup programs are in place. 
It includes details about design, operation, and 
performance of the systems; capital, operating, and 
unit costs of the systems; and factors that potentially 
affect the cost and performance of the systems. The 
report compares and contrasts data from the case 
studies to assist those involved in evaluating and 
selecting remedies for groundwater contamination at 
hazardous waste sites. Of the 28 projects presented 
in the case studies, 24 are Superfund remedial 
actions, one is a Superfund removal action, one is a 
cleanup conducted by state authorities, and two are 
corrective actions taken under RCRA. The sites 
represent a range of site types and hydrogeological 
conditions. 



How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup 
Technologies for Underground Storage 
Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action 
Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-R-04-002) 

The guide was developed by EPA to assist 
state regulators in efficiently and confidently 
evaluating corrective action plans (CAP) that 
incorporate alternative technologies. The guide, 
which was written in nontechnical language, takes 
the reader through the steps involved in reviewing a 
CAP. Earlier versions of the guide (1994 and 1995) 
covered technologies such as SVE, air sparging, 
biosparging, landfarming, biopiles, bioventing, low- 
temperature thermal desorption, natural attenuation, 
dual-phase extraction, and in situ groundwater 
bioremediation. The revised version (2004) has two 
new chapters on enhanced aerobic bioremediation 
and chemical oxidation and two revised chapters: the 
introduction and a chapter on MNA. Each 
technology chapter presents a comprehensive 
description of a technology, an explanation of how it 


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works, and a flow chart that illustrates the decision 
points in the process; information that will help the 
regulator evaluate whether a given technology will 
clean up a given site successfully; a discussion and 
instructions to help the regulator evaluate whether a 
CAP is technically sound; a checklist to assist the 
regulator in determining whether a CAP includes all 
the steps necessary; and a list of references. 



Impact of Landfill Closure Designs on 
Long-Term Natural Attenuation of 
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 

Developed by ESTCP, this landfill closure 
evaluation document is intended to help 
users develop alternative landfill closure designs and 
management strategies that can enhance the long¬ 
term natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents in 
landfills and landfill leachate-contaminated 
groundwater. The design approach proposed in this 
document maximizes the use of natural remediation 
and management techniques for landfill closures. 


Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study 
Series 

The case studies, which were developed by EPA, 
provide cost and performance information about the 
innovative technologies that support less costly and 
more representative site characterization. The 
purpose of the case studies is to analyze and 
document the effectiveness of new technologies 
proposed for site cleanup. They present information 
about the capability of the technologies in analyzing 
and monitoring cleanup, as well as information about 
costs associated with the use of the technologies. The 
following case studies are available: 

- Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer for Drum 
Surfaces (EPA 542-R-99-003) 

- Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste Sites 
(EPA 542-R-00-003) 

- Hanscom Air Force Base , Operable Unit 1 
(EPA 542-R-98-006) 

- Site Cleanup of the Wenatchee Tree Fruit Test Plot 
Site Using a Dynamic Work Plan (2000) (EPA 542- 
R-00-009) 

- NEW! Technology Evaluation: Real-time VOC 
Analysis Using a Field Portable GC/MS 
(EPA 542-R-01-011) 


InterAgency DNAPL Consortium Home Page 

The Web site is sponsored by the Interagency DNAPL 
Consortium (IDC). IDC is an alliance of five federal 
agencies, including the National Aeronautics and 
Space Administration (NASA), EPA, DOE, the U.S. 
Navy, and the U.S. Air Force. It reports on the IDC's 
effort to evaluate and compare the cost and 
performance of three innovative remediation 
technologies for the treatment of DNAPLS. The three 
technologies are being applied for the treatment of 
trichloroethene (TCE) at Launch Complex 34 at Cape 
Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The three 
technologies being demonstrated in side-by-side plots 
at the launch area are chemical oxidation with the use 
of potassium permanganate, six-phase heating, and 
dynamic underground stripping. 

MtBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MtBE- 
Contaminated Soil and Groundwater 
(EPA 510-F-98-002) 

Developed by EPA's OUST, the fact sheet describes 
the physical and chemical characteristics of methyl 
tertiary butyl ether (MtBE) and identifies alternative 
technologies for remediating it. 


North Atlantic Treaty Organization/ 
Committee on the Challenges of Modem 
Society (NATO/CCMS) Pilot Study 
Evaluation of Demonstrated and 
Emerging Technologies for the 
Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater 



(Phase III) 2002 Annual Report (EPA 542-R-02-010) 

This document reports on the fourth meeting for the 
Phase III Pilot Study on the Evaluation of Demonstrated 
and Emerging Technologies for the Treatment and 
Clean Up of Contaminated Land and Groundwater. 
The Phase III study, which concluded in 2002, focused 
on technologies for treating contaminated land and 
groundwater. The study addressed issues of 
sustainability, environmental merit, and cost- 
effectiveness with continued emphasis on emerging 
remediation technologies. The objectives of the study 
were to critically evaluate technologies, promote 
appropriate use of technologies, use information 
technology systems to disseminate study products, and 
foster innovative thinking about contaminated land. 


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Resource for MGP Site Characterization and 
Remediation: Expedited Site Characterization and 
Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas 
Plant Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005) 

The document provides current information about 
useful approaches and tools being applied at former 
MGP sites to the regulators and utilities that are 
engaged in characterizing and remediating these 
sites. The document outlines site management 
strategies and field tools for expediting site 
characterization at MGP sites; presents a summary of 
existing technologies for remediating MGP wastes in 
soils; provides sufficient information about the 
benefits, limitations, and costs of each technology, 
tool, or strategy for comparison and evaluation; and 
provides, through case studies, examples of the ways 
in which those tools and strategies can be 
implemented at MGP sites. 

State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners 
(SCRD) Internet Site 

The SCRD Internet site, which is supported by EPA's 
OSRTI, provides extensive information about state 
remediation programs and resources related to the 
remediation of dry cleaner sites. Descriptions of state 
programs and points of contact in each of the member 
states are provided. Publications, regulations, and 
other documents are identified as well. Brownfields 
stakeholders involved in the assessment and cleanup 
of dry cleaner sites in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, 
Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North 
Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, 
and Wisconsin may be particularly interested in the 
detailed information provided about programs in 
those states. Profiles of the remediation of specific 
sites throughout the United States are intended to 
assist users, particularly state officials, in making 
more informed decisions related to the remediation of 
sites in their states, and, when possible, to provide 
additional resources. Publications developed by the 
SCRD, as well as state and federal resources pertinent 
to issues associated with dry cleaner sites, can be 
viewed online or downloaded at no charge. 

The Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of 
Pesticide-Contaminated Sites 

The technology assessment report discusses the use of 
bioremediation and phytoremediation for the cleanup 
of sites contaminated with pesticides. It provides 
information about the current status of the two 
technologies to federal and state agencies, consulting 
engineering firms, private industries, and technology 
developers. 


Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions 
(EPA 542-F-00-020) 

The fact sheet summarizes information about the use 
of treatment technologies at 30 RCRA corrective 
action sites. It focuses on ongoing or completed 
cleanups of contaminated soil or groundwater at 
RCRA sites for which key information, such as the 
type of technology used and the point of contact, was 
available. The sites illustrate the types of cleanups 
conducted at RCRA corrective action sites; they are 
not intended to be representative of all cleanups 
conducted under RCRA. 


Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, 
RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage 
Tank Sites 

The policy directive, which was issued on April 21, 
1999, provides guidance to the staff of EPA, the 
public, and the regulated community on how EPA 
intends to exercise its discretion in implementing 
national policy on the use of monitored natural 
attenuation for the remediation of contaminated soil 
and groundwater at sites regulated under the 
programs of EPA's OSWER. 

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup 
Options 

The documents listed below provide detailed 
information about specific innovative technologies 
and the application of those processes to specific 
contaminants and media in the form of engineering 
analyses, application reports, technology verification 
and evaluation reports, and technology reviews. 



Air Sparging Design Paradigm 

This design guidance resulted from 
research and development efforts 
sponsored by the U.S. Air Force 
Armstrong Laboratory and the U.S. Naval 
Facilities Engineering Research Center and from field 
research and data analysis conducted by Battelle 
Memorial Institute, Arizona State University, Oregon 
Graduate Institute, Parsons Engineering-Science, and 
Colorado State University. The guidance provides 
details on air sparging principles; site 
characterization; pilot testing; system design, 
installation, and operation; and system monitoring. 
Use of the design paradigm is illustrated in 
descriptions of field studies and by using the results 
of controlled physical model studies. The guidance is 
organized in sections that provide an overview of air 
sparging in general and the specific design paradigm 


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followed by a discussion of site characterization, air 
sparging application, pilot testing, and system design 
and monitoring. 


Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor 
Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007) 

The report provides an engineering analysis of and 
status report on, selected enhancements for SVE 
treatment technologies. The report is intended to 
assist project managers who are considering an SVE 
treatment system by providing them with an up-to- 
date report on the status of enhancement technologies 
in an evaluation of each technology's applicability to 
various site conditions, a presentation of cost and 
performance information, a list of vendors that 
specialize in the technologies, a discussion of the 
relative strengths and limitations of the technologies, 
recommendations of factors to be kept in mind when 
considering the enhancements, and a compilation of 
references. The five enhancement technologies 
discussed in the report are air sparging, dual-phase 
extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and 
hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement. 



Application Guide for Bioslurping - 
Volume I 

This application guide, which was 
developed by Battelle for NFESC, is 
presented in two volumes. Volume I 
provides principles and practices of bioslurping to 
assist project managers in preliminary decision¬ 
making. Based on Volume I, a site manager may 
determine whether this technology is feasible for a 
site contaminated with light nonaqueous phase 
liquid (LNAPL). 



Application Guide for Bioslurping - 
Volume 2 

This application guide, which was 
developed by Battelle for the Naval 
Facilities Engineering Service Center 
(NFESC), is presented in two volumes. Volume I 
provides principles and practices of bioslurping to 
assist project managers in preliminary decision¬ 
making, and Volume II contains a detailed 
description of the bioslurper system; testing 
procedures; system design, installation, operation, 
and monitoring; and an approach for site closure. 


Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent 
Contaminated Groundwater 

The report is intended to provide a basic summary of 
in situ treatment technologies for groundwater 
contaminated with chlorinated solvents. It includes 
information gathered from a range of currently 
available sources, including project documents, 
reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal 
communication with parties involved in the use of the 
technologies. 

Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and 
Evaluating Proposals That Encourage Innovative 
Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 
542-R-01-005) 

BTSC prepared this primer to assist site owners, 
project managers, and others preparing RFPs to solicit 
support in conducting activities to investigate and 
clean up contaminated sites. It is specifically 
intended to assist those individuals in writing 
specifications that encourage contractors and 
technology vendors to propose options for using 
innovative characterization and remediation 
technologies at brownfields sites. The primer also 
provides information, from a technology perspective, 
to guide review teams in their evaluations of 
proposals and the selection of qualified contractors. 

Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and 
Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup (EPA 542- 
R-01-006) 

BTSC developed this document to provide an 
educational tool for site owners, project managers, 
and regulators to help evaluate the applicability of 
the phytoremediation process at brownfields sites. 

The primer explains the types of biological processes 
involved in phytoremediation; provides examples of 
the sites and contaminants where phytoremediation 
has been applied; and discusses technical 
considerations in selecting and designing 
phytoremediation systems, activities necessary to 
operate and maintain phytoremediation systems, and 
examples of estimated potential cost savings from 
using phytoremediation versus more conventional 
treatment processes. The primer also provides a 
comprehensive list of other resources that are 
available to assist decision-makers in evaluating 
phytoremediation as an option for cleaning up 
contaminated sites. 


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Capstone Report on the Application, 
Monitoring, and Performance of 
Permeable Reactive Barriers for Ground- 
Water Remediation: Volume 1 (EPA 600- 
R-03-045a) 


This report, which was developed by EPA, discusses 
geochemical and microbiological processes within 
zero-valent iron PRBs that may contribute to changes 
in iron reactivity over time and decreases in reaction 
zone permeability. Two full-scale PRBs are evaluated 
in this report. Detailed water sampling and analysis, 
core sampling, and solid-phase characterization 
studies were carried out to: (1) evaluate spatial and 
temporal trends in contaminant concentrations and 
key geochemical parameters, (2) characterize the type 
and nature of surface precipitates forming over time 
in the reactive barriers, and (3) identify the type and 
extent of microbiological activity within and around 
the reactive barriers. 



Capstone Report on the Application, 
Monitoring, and Performance of 
Permeable Reactive Barriers for 
Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 2 
(EPA 600-R-03-045b) 


This report, which was developed by EPA, discusses 
soil and groundwater sampling methods and 
procedures used to evaluate the long-term 
performance of PRBs at two sites: one in Elizabeth 
City, North Carolina, and the other one in Denver 
Federal Center near Lakewood, Colorado. Both PRBs 
were installed in 1996 and have been monitored and 
studied since their installation to determine their 
continued effectiveness in removing contaminants 
from groundwater. The report points out that an 
effective monitoring program requires appropriate 
soil and groundwater sampling techniques. 



CLU-IN Technology Focus 

The Technology Focus, a section of EPA 
| OSRTI's CLU-IN site, provides a 
compilation of the most relevant 
information sources for a range of 
remediation technologies. Grouped by specific 
technologies, the resources provide technology 
descriptions, information about applications and use 
of technologies, relevant engineering and regulatory 
guidance, and links to training sources and 
additional references. Information about the 
following technologies is available: air sparging, 
bioreactor landfills, bioremediation of chlorinated 
solvents, bioventing and biosparging, electrokinetics. 


fracturing, groundwater circulating wells, in situ 
flushing, in situ oxidation, multiphase extraction, 
natural attenuation, PRBs, phytoremediation, solvent 
extraction, SVE, soil washing, thermal desorption, 
and thermal enhancements. 

Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup 
Projects: Pump-and-Treat Systems and Permeable 
Reactive Barriers (EPA 542-R-00-013) 

Developed on the basis of case studies prepared by 
EPA, other members of FRTR, and the Remediation 
Technologies Development Forum, the report presents 
the results of an analysis of groundwater cleanup 
costs for P&T systems and PRBs at 48 sites. Targeted 
for site managers, technology developers, and users, 
as well as others involved in groundwater 
remediation efforts, the report provides detailed 
information about the costs of groundwater cleanup 
technologies and factors that affect those costs. Of the 
48 sites, 32 had P&T systems and 16 had PRBs. 

Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of 
Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field 
Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008) 

The report provides an overview of in situ 
bioremediation for the remediation of chlorinated 
solvents in contaminated soil and groundwater. It 
describes mechanisms for the degradation of 
chlorinated solvents, enhancements of such 
mechanisms by the addition of various materials and 
chemicals, design approaches, and factors to consider 
when selecting and using the technology. The report 
also presents a list of vendors of the technology and 
nine case studies of field applications. 

Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide 
(DG 1110-1-2) 

The guide, published by USACE, provides practical 
guidance for the design of liquid- and vapor-phase 
devices for the adsorption of organic chemicals. The 
adsorptive media addressed include granular 
activated carbon (G AC) and other alternative 
adsorption media, such as powdered activated 
carbon (PAC) and non-carbon adsorbents. It 
addresses various types of adsorption media, 
applicability, use of various adsorption process 
technologies, design of equipment and ancillary 
components, availability, advantages, disadvantages, 
regeneration methods, costs, and safety 
considerations. 


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Engineering and Design: Soil Vapor 
Extraction and Bioventing (EM 1110-1- 
4001) 

This guide, which was published by 
USACE to provide practical guidance for 
design and operation of SVE and bioventing (BV) 
systems. It discusses all aspects of the engineering of 
SVE and BV systems, including site characterization, 
technology selection; bench- and pilot-scale testing, 
design, installation, operation, and closure. 


EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks 
Internet Site 

Hosted by EPA's OUST, the Internet site provides 
resources and tools to assist owners and operators of 
USTs and brownfields stakeholders to better assess 
their options for the operation, maintenance, and 
cleanup of USTs. Information and guidance about 
technologies suitable for cleaning up releases from 
UST systems are provided, as well as details about 
current federal UST regulations and UST program 
priorities, including specific details about the 
USTFields Initiative. Points of contact in each of the 
EPA regional offices also are identified. An extensive 
number of UST publications can be viewed online or 
downloaded at no charge. In addition, information 
about state-sponsored UST programs, including links 
to state Internet sites, is provided on OUST's site at 
wzvzv.epa.gov/siverustl/states/index.htm. 



Evaluation of Performance and Longevity 
at Permeable Reactive Barrier Sites (CU- 
9907) 

Developed by ESTCP, this report presents 
an evaluation of short- and long-term 
performance issues associated with PRBs installed at 
several DoD sites. The report assesses the longevity 
of PRBs made from iron and the hydraulic 
performance of various PRBs in terms of their ability 
to meet groundwater capture zone and residence time 
requirements. The report describes PRB technology 
and provides an assessment of the performance and 
cost of the technology when implemented in the field. 
It also addresses implementation issues such as scale- 
up, regulatory constraints, and monitoring. 



Evaluation of Permeable Reactive Barrier 
Performance - Revised Report 

This document, which was prepared for 
FRTR by DoD, DOE, and EPA, summarizes 
field performance evaluations of several 


PRBs installed at sites under the purview of DoD, 
DOE, and EPA. The evaluations focus on the 
longevity and hydraulic performance of the PRBs in 
various geologic settings. The results of these studies 
are being provided to RPMs at government-owned 
sites to aid in decision-making. The document also 
discusses compliance and monitoring issues related 
to PRBs. 



Evaluation of Phytoremediation for 
Management of Chlorinated Solvents in 
Soil and Groundwater (EPA 542-R-05-001) 

This document, prepared by the RTDF, is 
designed to briefly introduce various 
phytotechnologies; identify potential applications of 
phytoremediation to control, transform, or manage 
chlorinated solvents in soil and groundwater; show 
how to conduct a preliminary assessment to 
determine if a particular site is a good candidate for 
phytoremediation; and describe monitoring options 
and show how to assess the effectiveness of 
phytoremediation at full-scale field implementation. 

It is intended to aid regulators, site owners, 
consultants, and other stakeholders in understanding 
the proper application of phytotechnology to 
remediate groundwater contaminated with 
halogenated solvents. 



Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover 
Systems Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-03-015) 

This fact sheet, which was prepared by 
EPA, provides a summary of an 
innovative landfill final cover design 
called evapotranspiration (ET) covers. The 
information in this fact sheet was obtained from 
currently available technical literature and from 
discussions with site managers. The general ET 
cover concept involves use of one or more vegetated 
soil layers to retain water until it is either 
transpired through vegetation or evaporated from 
the soil surface. The fact sheet discusses general 
considerations of ET cover design, performance, 
monitoring, cost, status, and limitations and 
provides project-specific examples. Final cover 
systems are used as part of the remediation and 
final closure for landfills, contaminated areas at or 
near the ground surface, and other waste disposal 
sites. As of September 2003, ET covers have been 
proposed, tested, or installed at 64 sites throughout 
the United States, generally from Georgia to 
Oregon. 


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Field Applications of In Situ Remediation 
Technologies: Chemical Oxidation (EPA 542-R-98-008) 

The document describes recent pilot demonstrations 
and full-scale applications of chemical oxidation 
processes that treat soil and groundwater in place or 
increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants 
to improve their removal by other remediation 
technologies. 

Field Applications of In Situ Remediation 
Technologies: Ground-Water Circulation Wells 
(EPA 542-R-98-009) 

The report is one in a series of reports that document 
recent pilot demonstrations and full-scale 
applications that treat soil and groundwater in situ or 
increase the solubility and mobility of contaminants 
to improve their removal by other remediation 
technologies. It is hoped that the information 
provided will facilitate more frequent consideration of 
new, less costly, and more effective technologies to 
address the problems associated with hazardous 
waste sites and petroleum contamination. 

Field Applications of In Situ Remediation 
Technologies: Permeable Reactive Barriers 
(EPA 542-R-99-002) 

One of a series of reports that summarize pilot 
demonstrations and full-scale applications of 
technologies that treat soil and groundwater, the 
document presents profiles of a number of 
applications of PRBs. Each profile identifies, to the 
extent the information is available, the name of the 
site, its location, its characteristics, the principal 
contaminants present, the installation date of the 
PRB, the type of construction, the costs of design and 
construction, the reactive materials used, and the 
results achieved. The profiles also discuss lessons 
learned and lists a point of contact for obtaining 
further information. A bibliography of articles and 
documents related to PRBs also is included. 

Geophysical Techniques to Locate DNAPLs: Profiles 
of Federally Funded Projects (EPA 542-R-98-020) 

The document provides to researchers and 
practitioners a status report on federal projects that 
are using noninvasive geophysical techniques to 
locate DNAPLs in the subsurface. 


Groundwater Pump and Treat Systems: 
Summary of Selected Cost and 
Performance Information at Superfund- 
Financed Sites (EPA 542-R-01-021a and 
EPA 542-R-01-021b) 

This report, which was published by EPA, summarizes 
Phase 1 (the data collection phase) of the Nationwide 
Fund-lead Pump and Treat Optimization Project. The 
first phase of this project identified a total of 88 Fund- 
lead (EPA-lead and state-lead with Fund money) P&T 
systems within the Superfund Program. System 
identification was accomplished through use of online 
databases and discussions with project liaisons in each 
region. The number of Fund-lead P&T systems in EPA 
regions ranged from zero in Region 8 to 22 in Region 2. 
The report identifies the 88 Fund-lead P&T systems, 
summarizes the information submitted by RPMs, and 
presents the screening and selection of those systems to 
receive remediation system evaluations (RSE). The EPA 
542-R-01-021a report does not contain data appendices. 
The "b" version of the report includes all appendices. 

Ground-Water Remediation Technologies 
Analysis Center Technology Reports 

| Developed by the Ground-Water 
H Remediation Technologies Analysis Center 

“ (G WRTAC), various reports about 

groundwater technologies and how they work are 
available to assist decision-makers in reviewing 
technology options and assessing a technology's 
applicability to a particular site. The Technical 
Overview Reports are intended to provide general 
overviews of and introductions to selected groundwater 
technologies. More detailed information and technical 
analyses are provided in the Technical Evaluation 
Reports. Each of these reports provides a comprehensive 
description of a specific technology, performance 
information, information about its applicability and cost, 
a discussion of regulatory and policy requirements and 
issues, and a summary of lessons learned. The 
Technology Status Reports are summary documents that 
provide information about the status of and current 
development efforts for specific emerging groundwater 
technologies or address related topics. Examples of some 
of the topics covered include air sparging, chlorinated 
solvents, DNAPL remediation, electrokinetics, hydraulic 
and pneumatic fracturing, in situ bioremediation, in situ 
chemical treatment, in situ soil flushing, permeable 
reactive wells, phytoremediation, groundwater 
circulation wells, in situ S/S, in situ vitrification, LNAPL 
remediation, perchlorate remediation, remediation of 
metals, SVE and dual -phase extraction, thermal 
enhancements, and treatment trains. 



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FjSv. Groundwater Remedies Selected at 

Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-01-022) 

| EPA prepared this report to document the 
]| selection of groundwater treatment and 

MNA remedies for Superfund remedial 
action sites. The report presents data on groundwater 
treatment and MNA remedy decisions and analyzes 
trends in these decisions over time. The focus of this 
report is on groundwater treatment and MNA 
remedies that result in reduction of contaminant 
concentrations or mobility. Groundwater 
containment and other remedies are not addressed in 
this report. 

Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for 
Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems 

The report, contained in two separate volumes, 
presents a screening analysis that users can use to 
determine whether they can achieve significant cost 
savings by altering key aspects of an existing or 
planned P&T system. The first volume, intended for a 
broad audience, describes the screening analysis, 
which uses spreadsheets to allow quick and 
inexpensive cost comparison of alternatives under 
consideration for use at a site, in terms of net present 
value (NPV). The second volume, intended for a more 
technical audience, provides case study examples of 
the application of hydraulic optimization at three 
sites. Site-specific factors, as well as the steps 
involved to conduct the analysis, are described in 
detail. The following volumes are available: 

- Volume I: Pre-Optimization Screening Method and 
Demonstration (EPA 542-R-99-011A) 

- Volume II: Application of Hydraulic Optimization 
(EPA 542-R-99-011B) 

In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal 
Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report 
(SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022) 

The report, which was published by the U.S. Army 
Environmental Center for ESTCP, provides an 
overview of the current developmental status of 
electrokinetic remediation for metals-contaminated 
soils. The report identifies concerns about the in situ 
application of the technology and issues that require 
further investigation. It also presents the results of a 
field demonstration conducted at Naval Air Weapons 
Station at Point Mugu to illustrate concerns about the 
in situ application of the technology at its current 
stage of development. 


In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated 
Solvents: Fundamentals and Field 
222^0 Applications (EPA 542-R-04-010) 

J This report, which was prepared by EPA, 
contains information about the use of in 
situ thermal treatment technologies to treat 
chlorinated solvents in source zones containing free- 
phase contamination or high concentrations of 
contaminants that are either sorbed to soil or 
dissolved in groundwater in the saturated or 
unsaturated zone. The information in this report may 
be helpful to site managers, site owners, treatment 
technology vendors, regulators, consulting firms, and 
others involved in the cleanup of sites contaminated 
with chlorinated solvents. The report describes three 
in situ thermal technologies: steam-enhanced 
extraction, electrical resistive heating, and electrical 
conductive heating. The report also discusses overall 
applicability issues and engineering considerations 
for the use of these technologies in the field. 

In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments 

The document provides a technology assessment 
about in situ treatment technologies applicable for 
cleanup of contaminated sediments. It is intended to 
provide federal agencies, states, consulting 
engineering firms, private industries, and technology 
developers with information on the current status of 
this technology. 

Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107) 

The document provides a tool for regulators, owners, 
neighbors, and managers to use in evaluating the 
applicability of phytoremediation to a site. The 
document defines terms and provides a framework for 
use in developing an understanding of 
phytoremediation applications. It is a compilation of 
information obtained through research and 
remediation work that has been done to date. 

ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree 

The document, which was produced by the ITRC 
workgroup, provides a tool that can be used to 
determine whether phytoremediation can be effective 
at a given site. It is designed to complement existing 
phytoremediation documents. It allows the user to 
use basic information about a specific site, through a 
flow chart layout, to decide whether 
phytoremediation is feasible at that site. 


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Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of Tools 
for Vadose Zone Monitoring (EPA 542-R-98-019) 

The report provides a basic summary of tools in 
current use for detection of leaks in landfill liners. It 
includes information gathered from a range of 
currently available sources, including project 
documents, reports, periodicals, Internet searches, 
and personal communication with parties involved in 
such efforts. 

Pbv. Long-Term Performance of Permeable 
Reactive Barriers Using Zero-Valent 
Iron: An Evaluation at Two Sites 
H (Environmental Research Brief) (EPA 

M 600-S-02-001) 

This environmental research brief, which was 
developed by EPA ORD, presents findings over the 
past 4 years at two sites where detailed EPA 
investigations have focused on the long-term 
performance of PRBs. The document also examines 
the field performance of multiple PRBs across the 
United States. 

Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated 
Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022) 

The fact sheet, which was written for a nonscientific 
audience and intended to assist federal, state, and 
local regulators in educating the public about 
complex environmental issues, explains what the 
term "monitored natural attenuation" means when it 
is used to describe a potential strategy for remediating 
a contaminated site. It also describes the various 
physical, chemical, and biological processes of 
natural attenuation that may take place at a site 
contaminated with chlorinated solvents and explains 
how decision-makers evaluate the role of MNA at a 
contaminated site. 



MtBE Treatment Profiles 

This Web site is sponsored jointly by 
EPA's OSRTI and OUST. The searchable 
Web site contains data on almost 400 
completed and ongoing applications of 
MtBE treatment for drinking water and contaminated 
media. The treatment profiles describe sites at which 
technologies (both in situ and ex situ/aboveground) 
have been used to treat MtBE in groundwater, soil, 
and drinking water. The technologies include air 
stripping and sparging, carbon adsorption, 
bioremediation (in situ and ex situ), in situ chemical 
oxidation, SVE and dual-phase extraction, and P&T. 
The profiles include active links to 18 case studies 
that present more in-depth information about the 
treatment sites. EPA encourages project managers, 
site owners, and technology vendors to add new 
MtBE treatment profiles to the Web site. Once 
information is provided, it may be updated to add 
more recent data, add data for more fields, or correct 
errors in existing data. 


Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice (EPA 
542-R-99-004) 

The report describes the use of multi-phase extraction 
(MPE) for the remediation of contaminated soil and 
groundwater, focusing primarily on the application of 
MPE at sites at which contamination with 
halogenated VOCs is present. The report describes 
MPE technology and the various configurations used 
for it, indicates the types of site conditions to which 
MPE is applicable, and discusses the advantages and 
potential limitations of the use of MPE at such sites. 

In addition, the report provides information about 
vendors of MPE and case studies that summarize cost 
and performance data on applications of the 
technology at three sites. 


Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum 
Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021) 

The fact sheet, which was written for a nonscientific 
audience and intended to assist federal, state, and 
local regulators in educating the public about 
complex environmental issues, explains what the 
term "monitored natural attenuation" (MNA) means 
when it is used to describe a potential strategy for 
remediating a contaminated site. It also describes the 
various physical, chemical, and biological processes 
of natural attenuation that may take place at a site 
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and 
explains how decision-makers evaluate the role of 
MNA at a contaminated site. 


Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in 
Groundwater: Principles and Practices 

The industrial members of the Bioremediation of 
Chlorinated Solvents Consortium (bioconsortium) of 
the RTDF prepared the document to disseminate up- 
to-date scientific information about natural 
attenuation of chlorinated solvents. The mission of 
the RTDF bioconsortium is to accelerate the 
development of cost-effective bioremediation 
processes for degrading chlorinated solvents and to 
achieve public and regulatory acceptance of those 
processes as safe and effective. The document 
provides a framework to be used in evaluating 
natural attenuation of chlorinated VOCs. 


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Natural Attenuation of MtBE in the Subsurface 
under Methanogenic Conditions (EPA 600-R-00-006) 

The document presents a case study conducted at the 
former Fuel Farm Site at the U.S. Coast Guard Support 
Center at Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The case 
study is intended to answer several questions: Can 
MtBE be biodegraded under methanogenic conditions 
in groundwater that was contaminated by a fuel 
spill? Will biodegradation produce lower 
concentrations of MtBE than those required under 
regulatory standards? Is the rate of degradation in 
the laboratory adequate to explain the distribution of 
MtBE in the groundwater at the field site? What is the 
relationship between the degradation of MtBE and the 
degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 
xylene (BTEX) compounds? What is the rate of 
natural attenuation at the source area? 

Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and 
Mercury 

The report assesses the current state of 
phytoremediation as an innovative technology and 
discusses its usefulness and potential in the 
remediation of lead- and mercury-contaminated soils 
found at hazardous waste sites. The advantages and 
disadvantages, limitations, current status, projected 
market, and environmental concerns associated with 
this new and innovative technology are discussed. 
Case studies involving the phytoremediation of lead 
and mercury detailing bench and full-scale projects 
are also provided. 

Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for 
Contaminant Remediation (EPA 600-R-98-125) 

The document provides information about PRBs in 
terms of treatable contaminants, designs, feasibility 
studies, and construction options. Summaries of 
several current installations also are provided. 

Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics 

The report provides a summary of information about 
PRBs for inorganics and a discussion of the current 
status of such barriers. It contains information 
gathered from a range of currently available sources, 
including project documents, reports, periodicals, the 
Internet, and personal communication with parties 
involved in projects that use the barriers. 

Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground 
Water at Hazardous Waste Sites (EPA 540-S-01-005) 

The issue paper was developed for the EPA Regional 
Ground Water Forum. The paper provides a concise 


discussion of the processes associated with the use of 
phytoremediation as a cleanup or containment 
technique for remediation of hazardous waste sites, 
sediment, groundwater, surface water, and 
wastewater. 

Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003) 

The document aids decision-makers in reviewing the 
applicability of phytoremediation extraction 
treatment technologies. The document also provides 
access information on electronic resources and 
hotlines; cites relevant federal regulations; and 
provides abstracts of more than 100 pertinent 
resources, such as bibliographies, guidance 
documents, workshop proceedings, overview 
documents, study and test results, and test designs 
and protocols. Included is a phytoremediation 
treatment technology resource matrix that compares 
the documents by technology type, affected media, 
and contaminants. The guide also provides detailed 
information on how to obtain the publications listed. 

Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory 
Guidance (Phyto-2) 

The document, which was published by ITRC, 
provides technical and regulatory guidance to help 
regulators understand, evaluate, and make informed 
decisions about phytotechnology proposals. The 
document includes a description of 
phytotechnologies and discussions of regulatory and 
policy issues, technical requirements for 
phytotechnologies, and concerns on the part of 
stakeholders. It also provides case studies and 
technical references. 

Proven Alternatives for Aboveground 
Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater 
(EPA 542-S-02-002) 

This issue paper, which was developed 
for EPA's Engineering Forum, identifies 
and summarizes experiences with proven 
aboveground treatment alternatives for arsenic in 
groundwater and provides information on their 
relative effectiveness and cost. The four technologies 
included in the report are precipitation/ 
coprecipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and 
membrane filtration. The report describes the theory 
and operation of each technology, provides available 
project-specific performance and cost data, and 
discusses limitations. The report also discusses 
special considerations for retrofitting systems to meet 
the lower arsenic maximum contaminant level (MCL) 
of 10 micrograms per liter (pg/L). 



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Remediation Technology Cost Compendium 
- Year 2000 (EPA 542-R-01-009) 

This cost compendium, which was 
prepared by EPA's OSRTI, captures current 
information about the costs of the following 
six remediation technologies: (1) bioremediation, (2) 
thermal desorption, (3) SVE, (4) on-site incineration, (5) 
groundwater P&T systems, and (6) PRBs. Cost data 
were obtained from federal agency sources, including 
case studies and reports prepared by the FRTR; DOE's 
Los Alamos National Laboratory; the USACE 
Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Center for 
Expertise; and the U.S. Air Force Center for 
Environmental Excellence (AFCEE). The report 
includes six sections, each of which describes the cost 
analysis for one of the six technologies. Each of the 
sections includes a brief description of the technology, 
a discussion of the methodology used in the cost 
analysis, and the results of the cost analysis. 


Solidification/Stabilization Use at Superfund Sites 
(EPA 542-R-00-010) 

The report provides to interested stakeholders, such 
as project managers, technology service providers, 
consulting engineers, site owners, and the general 
public, the most recent information about S/S 
applications at Superfund sites as well as information 
about trends in the use of the technology, specific 
types of applications, and costs. 



Study of Assessment and Remediation 
Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites 
Prepared by SCRD, with the support of 
EPA's OSRTI, the report presents the 
results of the Coalition's evaluation of 
assessment and remediation technologies commonly 
used in cleaning up dry cleaner sites. The evaluation 
was based on the results of responses to 
questionnaires sent to entities involved in such 
cleanups in 1999. The report presents those results in 
detail. An appendix in the report provides 
descriptions and brief evaluations of assessment 
technologies frequently used at dry cleaner sites. 


Subsurface Containment and Monitoring Systems: 
Barriers and Beyond (Overview Report) 

The document provides a summary of information 
about subsurface barriers - vertical and horizontal - 
with an emphasis on emerging and innovative 
vertical barrier technologies. It also presents a 
discussion of the current status of such barriers. The 
report is not intended to be inclusive; it merely 
provides an overview of the current work in the field 


on subsurface barrier technologies drawn from 
information gathered from a range of sources, 
including project documents, reports, periodicals, the 
Internet, and personal communication with parties 
involved in projects that use such barriers. 


Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term 
Monitoring and Remedial Systems Performance 
Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002) 

The document, which was compiled by EPA's OSRTI, 
summarizes the presentations made and workshops 
conducted during a conference on improving long-term 
monitoring (LTM) and the performance of remedial 
systems. The conference, sponsored and developed by 
FRTR, took place in St. Louis, Missouri, from June 8 
through 11,1999. The conference provided up-to-date 
information about LTM and system optimization 
through presentations and topical workshops. 



Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer 
Remediation (SEAR) Implementation 
Manual (TR-2219-ENV) 

This implementation manual, which was 
prepared by Intera Inc. and NFESC, is 
designed to familiarize RPMs, engineers, and scientists 
working on environmental remediation projects with 
the major tasks and planning parameters involved in 
implementing an in situ surfactant flood or SEAR 
project to remove DNAPLs. The manual is intended to 
help users understand basic design and 
implementation issues, attain remedial objectives, and 
follow risk management methodologies and 
approaches in order to avoid misapplication of 
surfactant flooding for DNAPL removal. 



A Systematic Approach to In Situ 
Bioremediation in Groundwater, 
Including Decision Trees for In Situ 
Bioremediation of Nitrates, Carbon 
Tetrachloride, and Perchlorate 
This document, which was prepared by ITRC, provides 
guidance for the systematic characterization, evaluation, 
design, and testing efforts associated with implementing 
in situ bioremediation (ISB) for a biotreatable 
contaminant. It serves as guidance for regulators, 
consultants, responsible parties, and stakeholders when 
an ISB technology is being considered. This document 
presents decision trees for reviewing, planning, 
evaluating, and approving ISB systems for the saturated 
subsurface and defines site parameters and appropriate 
ranges of criteria for characterization, testing, design, 
and monitoring efforts. The information provided in 
this document will support ISB evaluation. 


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Technical and Regulatory Guidance for 
Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL 
Source Zones 

This guidance, which was prepared by 
ITRC, provides technical and regulatory 
information for those involved in selecting and 
implementing surfactant and cosolvent flushing as a 
remedial action for DNAPLs. The guidance describes 
the technology and discusses the major factors that 
need to be considered in evaluating design and 
implementation work plans for surfactant and 
cosolvent flushing of DNAPLs. 


Technical and Regulatory Requirements for 
Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated 
Solvents in Groundwater 

The report, which was published by ITRC, describes 
enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) and examines 
the circumstances under which its application is 
appropriate. It also discusses related regulatory and 
policy issues, such as the ban under RCRA on land 
disposal and technical requirements for 
implementation of EISB. 



Technologies for Treating MtBE and Other 
Fuel Oxygenates (EPA 542-R-04-009) 

This report, which was developed by EPA's 
OSRTI, provides an overview of the 
treatment technologies used to remediate 
groundwater, soil, and drinking water contaminated 
with MtBE and other fuel oxygenates. The treatment 
methods discussed include air sparging, SVE, MPE, in 
situ and ex situ bioremediation, in situ chemical 
oxidation, P&T, and drinking water treatment. 
Information in the report can be used to help evaluate 
these technologies based on their effectiveness at 
specific sites. The report summarizes available 
performance and cost information for these 
technologies, provides examples of where each has been 
used, and identifies additional sources of information. 



Technology Status Review: In Situ 
Oxidation 

This report, which was published by 
ESTCP, provides a survey of sites where in 
situ oxidation (ISO) has been used. The 
overall objective of the project summarized in the report 
was to assess the current status of ISO and determine 
what additional information is needed to understand 
the site conditions for which ISO is appropriate. 


Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program 

The federal UIC Program works with state and local 
governments to prevent contamination of drinking 
water resources caused by the underground injection 
of waste. Among the wastes the UIC program 
regulates are more than nine billion gallons of 
hazardous waste every year; more than two billion 
gallons of brine from oil and gas operations every 
day; and automotive, industrial, sanitary and other 
wastes that are injected into shallow aquifers. 



Use of Field-Scale Phytotechnology for 
Chlorinated Solvents, Metals, Explosives/ 
Propellants and Pesticides - Status 
Update (EPA 542-R-05- 002) 

This status report, which was published 
by EPA OSRTI, provides information about 79 
phytotechnology projects conducted at sites in the 
United States and Canada, including Superfund sites 
and federal and military sites that are being 
addressed under state, local, or voluntary cleanup 
programs. These projects involved treatment of soil or 
groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents, 
metals, explosives and propellants, and pesticides. 
The document is meant to be a networking tool for 
federal, state, and industrial employees to share 
lessons learned from and practical experiences with 
field-scale applications of phytotechnology. 


Where Do We Go from Here? 

Next Steps 


After you have reviewed options for cleanup, you may 
take any of the following courses of action: 

Result of the Review of 

Cleanup Options _ Course of Action 

The proposed cleanup Proceed to the CLEANUP 

option appears feasible. DESIGN AND 

IMPLEMENTATION phase. 



No cleanup option 
appears feasible in light 
of the proposed 
redevelopment and 
land reuse needs (such 
as project milestones 
and cost and intended 
reuse). 


Determine whether revising 
the redevelopment plan 
remains a practicable option; 
if so, proceed to the 
CLEANUP DESIGN AND 
IMPLEMENTATION phase. 
If contamination exists at 
considerable levels, 
compliance with other 
programs, such as RCRA and 
Superfund, map be required. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



STATE DRYCLEANER REMEDIATION PROGRAMS: 

An Innovative Approach to Cleanup 


State-mandated programs have had a major impact in turning 
former dry cleaner sites into marketable properties. Soil and 
groundwater contaminated by dry cleaning solvent are 
associated with many of these sites. Resource and budget 
constraints pose challenges to states as they undertake 
assessment and pursue remediation of these properties. With 
support from EPA’s OSRTI, the State Coalition for 
Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) was established in 
1998 to (1) provide a fomm for exchange of information and 
discussion of implementation issues related to established 
state dry cleaner programs, (2) share information and lessons 
learned, and (3) encourage the use 
of innovative technologies in the 
remediation of dry cleaner sites. The 
coalition is made up of 
representatives of states that have 
established dry cleaner remediation 
programs, including Alabama, 

Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, 

Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North 
Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, 

Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin. 

A subgroup of the coalition has 
focused its efforts on conducting 
research about state programs and 
use of innovative technologies to 
assess and remediate sites 
contaminated with dry cleaning solvents. In its 2004 report, 
Drycleaner Site Assessment and Remediation - A Technology 
Snapshot (2003) the coalition reports the results of a 2002 
survey performed to evaluate changes in use of innovative 
technologies. Surveys such as these provide information in 



KEY RESOURCE 


the search for cost- 
efficient and technically 
effective assessment and 
remediation technologies. 

Such studies as the one 
performed at the Armen 
Cleaners site in Ann Arbor, 

Michigan, will continue to generate new information about 
innovative analytical approaches. That study was successful in 
building a collaborative data set to confirm the completeness of 
vapor intrusion and ambient air pathways. The study also 

better defined the extent of indoor air 
contamination and identified potential 
residential receptors of concern. 
Overall, although EPA’s investigation 
built upon previous data to delineate 
significant sources of PCE at the site, it 
also found that vapor and ambient air 
concentrations of tetrachloroethene 
(PCE) were fairly localized, dropping 
quickly with distance from the site. 

The project was unique in its 
application of a number of innovative, 
real-time analytical approaches as well 
as its use of the Triad approach to 
stress systematic planning and 
dynamic work strategies in order to 
expedite and improve site characterization and cleanup. 

For more information, see the resources numbered 
41, 72,148, and 149 in the Index of Resources 
beginning on page 1-1. 


A Quick Look 

Dry cleaners use chlorinated solvents, 
particularly PCE, in their operations and 
have contributed to contamination of soil 
and groundwater at many brownfields sites. 

SCRD provides a forum for exchange of 
information and lessons learned 
regarding the use of innovative 
technologies in the assessment and 
remediation of dry cleaner sites. 

Innovative technologies are of particular 
benefit at small dry cleaner sites because 
limited funding for cleanup of such sites 
is often an issue. 


State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site 
View on line at wiviv.drycleancoalition.org 

The SCRD Internet site, which is supported by EPA's OSRTI, provides extensive information about 
state remediation programs and resources related to remediation of dry cleaner sites. Descriptions of 
state programs and points of contact in member states are provided. Relevant publications, 
regulations, and other documents are identified as well. Brownfields stakeholders involved in the 
assessment and cleanup of dry cleaner sites in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Kansas, 
Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin may 
be particularly interested in the detailed information provided about programs in those states. 
Profiles of the remediation of specific sites throughout the United States are intended to assist users, 
particularly state officials, in making more informed decisions regarding remediation of sites in their 
states. Publications developed by SCRD, as well as state and federal resources that are pertinent to 
issues associated with dry cleaner sites can be viewed online or downloaded at no charge. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



REMEDIATING MANUFACTURED GAS PLANT SITES: 

Emerging Remediation Technologies 


From the early 1800s through the mid-1900s, 
manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites were operated 
nationwide to produce gas from coal or oil for lighting, 
heating, and cooking. The gas manufacturing and 
purification processes conducted at the plants yielded 
gas plant residues that included tars, sludges, lampblack 
light oils, spent oxide wastes, and other hydrocarbon 
products. Although many of the by-products were 
recycled, excess residues remained at MGP sites. The 
residues contain polycyclic 
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 
petroleum hydrocarbons, 
benzene, cyanide, metals, and 
phenols. The base 
contaminant, coal tar, is 
composed of a complex mixture 
of PAHs that generally exhibit 
low volatility, low solubility, and 
low biodegradability. 

Consequently, those 
components are difficult to treat. 


to apply innovative 
approaches that benefit 
from economies of 
scale. Former MGP sites 
offer an ideal opportunity 
to apply tools and 
technologies that expedite site 
characterization and source remediation 



A Quick Look 

Although MGPs have closed and most 
have been demolished, such facilities 
have left a legacy of environmental 
contamination. 


Releases of coal tars, oils, and 
condensates produced in MGP plants 
contributed to a wide range of 
contamination with PAHs, phenols, 
benzene, and cyanide. 


There are an estimated 3,000 to 
5,000 former MGP sites across 
the country; some of those sites 
still are owned by the 
successors to the utilities that 
founded them. MGPs typically 
were built on the outskirts of 
cities that since have grown. 

Today, therefore, the under¬ 
used sites often are located in inner city areas, many of 
which are being considered for redevelopment under the 
Brownfields Program. The redevelopment of MGP sites 
for reuse can help the utility industry turn potential 
liabilities into assets. For example, in the city of Fort 
Myers, Florida, a former MGP site was redeveloped into a 
private, nonprofit museum and aquarium called the 
Imaginarium. 

As the business environment has spurred companies to 
reassess land holdings and better manage environmental 
concerns, the MGP sites have become a central focus. 
Many companies are investigating and remediating such 
sites. The similarities in the configuration of the sites and 
in the contaminants found at them provide opportunities 


As utilities discover more MGP sites, 
they are faced with the need to identify 
cost-effective, environmentally safe, and 
innovative approaches for the 
characterization and remediation of 
those sites. 


Thermal desorption has been used successfully to 

_ remediate soils that contain MGP 

wastes (for example, lampblack and 
coal tar), achieving reductions of 
more than 98 percent in 
concentrations of PAHs; total 
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH); 
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 
xylene (BTEX) compounds; and 
cyanide. Performance data have 
demonstrated that less than 10 parts 
per billion (ppb) of residual PAHs 
and cyanides can be achieved 
through the application of thermal 
desorption. Other technologies that 
have proven successful in 
remediating MGP wastes include co¬ 
burning in utility boilers, recycling in 
road beds, in situ bioremediation, 
landfarming, and soil washing. 


Because former MGP sites are 
prevalent and represent a large area of unused land with 
complex remedy needs, new technologies are being 
encouraged and field-tested to demonstrate their technical 
feasibility. Opportunities exist to demonstrate and refine 
new assessment and remediation technologies that can 
assist in expediting cleanup processes that can place 
these contaminated sites back into productive use. 


For more information, see the resource numbered 
139 in the Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1 


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A Growing Field 


Phytoremediation includes the use of plants and natural 
processes to remediate or stabilize hazardous wastes in 
soil, sediments, surface water, or groundwater. By acting 
as filters or traps, plants can degrade organic pollutants, 
extract metal contaminants, or contain and stabilize the 
movement of contaminants. Phytoremediation first was 
tested actively at waste sites in the early 1990s, and use of 
the approach has been increasing. Phytoremediation has 
been implemented on a full or demonstration scale at 
more than 200 sites nationwide. As the number of 
projects grows, new information about the cost and 
performance of phytoremediation 
will become available. 



Phytoremediation provides many 
advantages because it has the 
potential to work at a broad variety 
of sites and on myriad 
contaminants involving potentially 
less costs than other options. 

Types of sites at which 
phytoremediation has been 
applied with some degree of 
success in cleaning up the sites 
include pipelines, industrial and 
municipal landfills, agricultural 
fields, wood treatment sites, 
military installations, fuel storage 
tank farms, army ammunition plants, sewage treatment 
plants, and mining sites. 

Phytoremediation is being tested and evaluated for its 
effectiveness in treating a wide array of contaminants 
found at brownfields sites. Current results indicate that 
plants have the potential to enhance remediation of 
petroleum hydrocarbons, BTEX, polycyclic aromatic 
hydrocarbons (PAH), PCBs, chlorinated solvents, heavy 
metals, and pesticide waste. In addition to providing a 
long-term solution, phytoremediation is an excellent 
option for providing an interim solution for containing the 
spread of contaminants and beginning the treatment 
process. Phytoremediation does not require the 
excavation of soil, and its application may require only 
minimal material handling. Further, phytoremediation can 
have a positive effect on the aesthetic character of a site, 
may be an attractive alternative for use at large sites at 
which other methods of remediation are not cost-effective 


or practical, and can 
be used in 
conjunction with 
other technologies 
when the 

redevelopment and land 
use plans for the site include 
the use of vegetation. 

Decision-makers at brownfields sites at which there are 
relatively low concentrations of contaminants (that is, 

organics, nutrients, or metals) over a 
large cleanup area and in shallow 
soils, streams, and groundwater 
should consider the use of 
phytoremediation. Phytoremediation 
also may be considered for use in 
conjunction with other technologies 
when redevelopment and land use 
plans for a site include the use of 
vegetation. Among the types of 
plants used for phytoremediation are 
hybrid poplar, willow, and 
cottonwood trees; rye, Bermuda, 
sorghum, and fescue grasses; 
legumes (clover, alfalfa, and 
cowpeas); aquatic and wetland 
plants (water hyacinth and bullrush); 
and hyperaccumulators for metals (such as alpine 
pennycress for zinc or alyssum for nickel). If levels of 
contamination are so high that the concentrations of 
contaminants are toxic to plants (phytotoxic), 
phytoremediation may not be an effective treatment option. 

Because phytoremediation has been used more frequently 
on a demonstration-scale basis, site owners may find it 
necessary to show its potential applicability and efficacy 
on a site-specific basis. Doing so may require an up-front 
commitment of time and resources to demonstrate that the 
performance of phytoremediation is comparable to the 
performance of traditionally accepted technology options. 
However, such an investment ultimately could save site 
owners significant amounts of money when they clean up 
their properties for redevelopment. In recent years, EPA 
has compiled new information to assist site decision¬ 
makers who may be reluctant to use phytotechnology 

Continued on next page 


A Quick Look 

An aesthetically pleasing, passive 
cleanup technology powered by solar 
energy. 

A technology that is most useful at sites 
at which shallow, low levels of 
contamination are present. 

A cost-effective technology that has the 
potential to clean up a wide variety of 
brownfields sites. 

Can also be used for other functions 
related to site cleanup, such as erosion 
control and runoff control. 


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fp Continued ... PHYTOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY: 

A Growing Field 


because of the limited amount of information about its use 
at actual field-scale projects. In a recent paper, Use of 
Field-Scale Phytotechnology for Chlorinated Solvents, 
Metals, Explosives and Propellants, and Pesticides 
STATUS UPDATE (April 2005), EPA provides information 
on phytotechnology applications and identifies such 
examples as the Edward Sears property that was used from 
the mid-1960s to the early 1990s for the repackaging and 
sale of paints, adhesives, paint thinners, and various 
military surplus materials. Groundwater at the site was 
contaminated with a variety of solvents, including 
methylene chloride, trimethylbenzene, TCE, and xylenes. 

A field demonstration of phytotechnology using hybrid 
poplars to clean up shallow groundwater at the site was 
performed beginning in 1996. Substantial reductions in 
contaminant concentrations have been reported. For 
example, data covering the period from 1995 to 2004 
shows that concentrations of methylene chloride was 


reduced from as high as 6,700 ig/L to below detection; 
trimethylbenze from as high as 1,890 to 730 ig/L; and TCE 
from as high as 510 to 46 ig/L. Groundwater monitoring is 
ongoing at the site. 

In addition to the document discussed above, other 
resources are available at www.epa.gov/tio/ 
pubitech.htm including: 

Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using 
Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-006), 
July 2001 

Phytoremediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003), 
June 1999 


For more information, see the resources numbered 
13, 23, 29, 32, 59, 95, 96, 115, 118, 119, 120, and 
164 in the Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



CLEANUP OF DNAPLS: 

A Widespread Challenge 


It is estimated that billions of dollars will be spent by 
the private and public sector to clean up sites 
contaminated with DNAPL. Denser than water, 
DNAPLs tend to sink through the water table and form 
a product pool on top of such impermeable soil layers 
as clay. DNAPLs also can sink and migrate laterally 
through fractures in bedrock. Numerous variables 
influence fate and transport of DNAPLs in the 
subsurface, and it can be difficult to predict the path 
DNAPLs will take. 



Because of these properties, 
DNAPLs act as a continuing 
source of contamination. 
DNAPLs may cause serious, 
long-term contamination of 
groundwater and pose a 
significant challenge to cleanup 
of the site, especially for 
established technologies such 
as pump-and-treat. At sites 
with significant DNAPL 
contamination, pump-and-treat 
systems may require several 
hundreds of years to clean up 
the groundwater. 


risk associated with 
innovative 
technologies. The 
interagency 
agreement supports 
the testing of new and 
existing technologies in side- 
by-side demonstrations to compare cost and 
performance data that will be used to expedite 
regulatory acceptance and use of innovative remedial 
technologies at other sites. 


A Quick Look 




Sites likely contaminated with 
DNAPLs include dry cleaning 
facilities, wood preservation 
sites, MGP sites, and solvent sites (industrial 
operations using large quantities of solvents as well as 
solvent disposal and recovery sites). 

To accelerate the development and implementation of 
innovative technologies for remediating DNAPLs in 
groundwater, the Interagency DNAPL consortium 
(IDC) was formed. The consortium has developed a 
national action plan that proposes collaborative 
efforts among federal agencies, private sector 
entities, and responsible parties in research and 
development, technology demonstrations, and full- 
scale technology deployment to reduce the perceived 


Most commonly occurring DNAPLs 
typically are industrial chlorinated solvents 
such as TCE, PCE, and carbon tetrachloride 
(CCI4). Other prevalent DNAPLs include 
creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and 
PAH coal tars. 

DNAPLs are present at 60 to 70 percent of 
the Superfund NPL sites. 

Among the number of innovative 
technologies that are demonstrating 
success and providing promising results 
in reducing DNAPL contamination are in 
situ thermal treatment, in situ chemical 
oxidation, and ISB. 


EPA continues to support the 
evaluation and application of 
technologies for the assessment 
and remediation of sites 
contaminated with DNAPLs. In 
DNAPL Remediation: Selected 
Projects Approaching Regulatory 
Closure STATUS UPDATE (EPA ' 
542-R-04-016) (November 
2004), EPA provides information 
on the challenges of DNAPL 
characterization and remediation, 
and overview of DNAPL 
remediation technologies, a 
description of DNAPL 
remediation projects, and a 
summary of findings. 


For more information, see the resources numbered 
30, 40, 73, 90 (specifically the case study titled 
“Geophysical Investigation at Hazardous Waste 
Sites”), 94, and 158 in the Index of Resources 
beginning on page 1-1. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


CLEANUP DESIGN AND 
IMPLEMENTATION 


Develop and Carry Out Detailed 
Cleanup Plans for the Site 




The cleanup design and implementation phase 
focuses on developing and carrying out a cleanup 
plan to prepare the property for redevelopment and 
reuse. The design of the cleanup plan and 
implementation of the technology options selected in 
the previous phase involves close coordination with 
all other redevelopment efforts in the immediate 
vicinity of the site. 



Factors that should be considered during the design 
and implementation of cleanup activities include: 

1. Are there federal, state, local, and tribal 
requirements for the design, installation, and 
monitoring of cleanup activities? 

2. How will cleanup be monitored so that work can 
be stopped when cleanup goals are reached? 


3. How best can the community participate in the 
design and implementation of the cleanup plan? 

4. What can be done to protect the community and 
other property during cleanup? 


5. What are the tradeoffs between cost and meeting 
redevelopment project deadlines? Can 
redevelopment activities (such as renovation of 
existing buildings and construction of roads and 
sewage systems) be performed concurrently with 
cleanup activities? 


6. What are the long-term effects of the selected 
technology on the liability or on the future use of 
the site? What are the effects of a catastrophic 
change to the environment (for example, a 
hurricane or changes to the subsurface)? 

7. Will long-term monitoring be required? If so, how 
will it be managed? 

8. Will institutional controls facilitate or hinder 
redevelopment? Now? In the future? 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


How Do We Find the Answers? 


Typical activities that may be conducted during this 
phase include: 

• Review all applicable federal, state, local, and 
tribal regulatory guidelines and regulations to 
determine all specific requirements, including 
guidelines for state VCPs 

• Continue to work with the appropriate regulatory 
agencies to ensure that regulatory requirements 
are being properly addressed: 

- Consult with the appropriate federal, state, local, and 
tribal regulatory agencies to include them in the 
decision-making process as early as possible 

- Contact the EPA regional brozunfields coordinator to 
identify and determine the availability of EPA 
support programs 

• Develop conceptual plans for cleanup and 
subsequent monitoring that incorporate 
technology options and consider the effect of any 
cleanup activities on the proposed reuse of the 
property and the schedule for project design or 
construction: 

- Develop or review the schedule for completion of the 
project 

- Obtain a final amount for the funds available for 
project development 

- Coordinate the renovation and construction of 
infrastructure with cleanup activities 

- Coordinate activities with developers, financiers, 
construction firms, and members of the local 
community 

• Establish contingency plans to address the 
discovery of additional contamination during 
cleanup, including tools such as environmental 
insurance policies 

• Develop procedures for community participation, 
for example, by working with community advisory 
boards or local redevelopment authorities 

• Implement and monitor the cleanup plan and 
performance of the technology selected 

• Work with the state VCP, if applicable, and/or 
county or local officials to facilitate the placement 
and implementation of institutional controls 


Where Do We Find Answers to Our 
Technology Questions? 



Listed below are examples of technology resources 
that provide information about cleanup designs and 
implementations including regulatory guidelines and 
community outreach materials. In addition, 
technologies identified during the site investigation 
phase may be appropriate to monitor cleanup 
performance and close-out. The Resources are listed 
alphabetically for the following categories: 

A. Resources for Cleanup Design and Implementation 

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design and 
Implementation 

C. Technology-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design 
and Implementation 

Access the Road Map online at 
www.brownfieldstsc.org to view or download the 
following resources electronically or to obtain a link 
that provides complete ordering information. 

A. Resources for Cleanup Design and 
Implementation 

The documents listed below are resources that 
provide general information about the availability of 
technology resources in the form of bibliographies 
and status reports. Online searchable databases also 
are included. 


Characterization of Mine Leachates and the 
Development of a Ground-Water Monitoring 
Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007) 

The objective of the research project was to develop a 
better understanding of the composition of mine 
waste leachates and to identify cost-effective 
groundwater monitoring parameters that could be 
incorporated into a monitoring strategy to reliably 
detect the migration of contaminants from hard rock 
mining operations. 


Citizen's Guides to Understanding 
Innovative Treatment Technologies 

The guides are prepared by EPA to provide 
site managers with nontechnical outreach 
materials that they can share with 
communities in the vicinity of sites. The guides 
present information on innovative technologies that 
have been selected or applied at some cleanup sites. 



• Background • Introduction ♦ Before You Begin«Site Assessment ♦ Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 83 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


provide overviews of the technologies, and present 
success stories about sites at which innovative 
technologies have been applied. Both English and 
Spanish versions of the guides are available. The 
guides contain information on the following subjects: 

- NEW! Activated carbon treatment (EPA 542-F-01-020) 

- NEW! Air stripping (EPA 542-F-01-016) 

- Bioremediation (EPA 542-F-01-001) 

- NEW! Capping (EPA 542-F-01-022) 

- NEW! Chemical dehalogenation (EPA 542-F-01-010) 

- Chemical oxidation (EPA 542-F-01-013) 

- Fracturing (EPA 542-F-01-015) 

- In situ flushing (EPA 542-F-01-011) 

- In situ thermal treatment methods (EPA 542-F-01-012) 

- NEW! Incineration (EPA 542-F-01-018) 

- Monitored natural attenuation (EPA 542-F-01-004) 

- Permeable reactive barriers (EPA 542-F-01-005) 

- Phytoremediation (EPA 542-F-01-002) 

- NEW! Pump and treat (EPA 542-F-01-025) 

- NEW! Soil excavation (EPA 542-F-01-025) 

- Soil washing (EPA 542-F-01-008) 

- NEW! Solidification/Stabilization (EPA 542-F-01-024) 

- NEW! Solvent extraction (EPA 542-F-01-009) 

- Soil vapor extraction and air sparging 
(EPA 542-F-01-006) 

- Thermal desorption (EPA 542-F-01-003) 

- NEW! Vitrification (EPA 542-F-01-017) 

Design Solutions for Vapor Intrusion and 
Indoor Air Quality (EPA 500-F-04-004) 

This fact sheet, compiled by EPA OSWER, 
provides an overview of technical and 
health issues regarding vapor intrusion 
into indoor air and its effect on land redevelopment. 
The fact sheet discusses how to anticipate the 
potential for vapor intrusion; evaluate the extent of 
the problem; and prevent or correct the problem. 


Directory of Technical Assistance for Land 
Revitalization (BTSC) (EPA 542-B-03-001) 

BTSC has prepared this directory to 
provide information about technical 
assistance that is available from federal 
agencies to assist regional, state, and local 
government personnel in making assessment and 
cleanup decisions for brownfields, reuse, and 
revitalization sites. This directory includes 
information about 37 organizations within 10 federal 
agencies that provide different types of support to 
help with site assessment and cleanup, including 
technical support and funding sources. Profiles are 
included for these agencies and organizations and 
contain the following types of information: 
background and location information, relevancy to 
revitalization, description of the areas of expertise 
available, discussion of the types of services 
available, types of funding available and eligibility, 
contact information and the process for requesting 
assistance, and examples of specific instances in 
which the organization has previously provided 
support relevant to site revitalization. Information in 
the profiles is believed to be current as of March 2003. 
To help maintain current information, the directory is 
available as an online searchable database at 
www.brownfieldstsc.org/directory . 

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative 
Technologies (REACH IT) Online Searchable 
Database 

The EPA REACH IT online searchable databases 
sponsored by EPA's OSRTI is a service provided free 
of charge to both users and technology vendors. EPA 
REACH IT is accessible only through the Internet. 

This database provides users with comprehensive, 
up-to-date information about more than 254 
characterization technologies and 484 remediation 
technologies and their applications. It combines 
information submitted by technology service 
providers about remediation and characterization 
technologies with information from EPA, DoD, DOE, 
and state project managers about sites at which 
innovative technologies are being deployed. During 
the preliminary phase of a brownfields project, EPA 
REACH IT will assist brownfields stakeholders to 
learn about and become familiar with the range of 
available technology options that can be employed 
during the investigation and the cleanup phases that 
follow, as well as data about various types of sites. 
Information about analytical screening technologies 
that may be useful for initial sampling of a site also is 
provided. EPA updates all of the information 




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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


available in the system about every six months. 
Technology vendors may also add or update 
information in EPA REACH IT at any time through 
the Data Entry System or by submitting information 
by mail. You can search the EPA REACH IT system 
in several ways. Various search options are available 
for a user on the home page, including Custom 
Search; Spotlight; Most Common Searches; Saved 
Searches; Guided Search; and Vendor, Technology, 
and Site Index. For questions about whether a 
technology is eligible for listing in EPA REACH IT, 
the user may contact the EPA REACH IT help line at 
(800) 245-4505 or (703) 390-0713 or send an e-mail to 
epareachit@ttemi.com. 


optimization tools and processes, descriptions of 
broad-based optimization projects, definitions of 
optimization acronyms, and a list of RPO points of 
contact. Monitoring optimization includes 
approaches for increasing efficiency, reducing cost, 
identifying uncertainty, and increasing reliability of 
long-term monitoring. Simulation optimization 
involves the use of mathematical optimization 
techniques coupled with groundwater simulation 
models to determine optimal pumping locations and 
rates for plume containment and/or cleanup. 
Treatment technology optimization includes 
information on specific in situ and ex situ remedial 
technologies. 



Federal Remediation Technologies 
Roundtable Case Studies 

The case studies provide the user with 
information about specific characterization 
and remediation, technology optimization 
applications. Four focus areas have been established 
by FRTR for providing performance and cost 
information on technology applications: remediation 
case study reports, characterization and monitoring 
case study reports, technology assessment reports, 
and LTM/optimization case study reports. FRTR 
case studies are developed by DoD, USACE, the U.S. 
Navy, the U.S. Air Force, DOE, DOI, and EPA. The 
case studies focus on full-scale and large field 
demonstration projects and include site background 
information, technology description, cost and 
performance information, and lessons learned. The 
technologies include innovative and conventional 
treatment technologies for contaminated soil, 
groundwater, and solid media. Users can search the 
case studies by groups of contaminants, media, waste 
management practices that contribute to 
contamination, and treatment systems. 



Federal Remediation Technologies 
Roundtable Remediation Optimization 
Web Site 

Remediation process optimization (RPO) 
involves systematic monitoring and 
evaluation to detect and respond to changes in 
remedial system performance. System optimization 
offers benefits that include enhanced protectiveness, 
reduced cost, shortened cleanup times, and the 
increased likelihood of site close-out. The Web site 
includes a searchable database of optimization case 
studies, meeting and conference materials from events 
related to remediation system optimization, general 


Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous 
Waste Site Characterization and Monitoring 

The report introduces a new standard promoted by 
EPA's OSWER and OSRTI that encourages more 
effective and less costly strategies for characterizing 
and monitoring hazardous waste sites. The new 
approach uses an integrated triad of systematic 
planning, dynamic work plans, and on-site analysis 
for data collection and technical decision-making at 
hazardous waste sites. Individually, none of the 
concepts in the Triad approach is new, but it has been 
demonstrated that the integrated approach completes 
projects faster, cheaper, and with greater regulatory 
and client satisfaction than the traditional phased 
approach. The report includes a list of additional 
resources regarding innovative technologies and site 
characterization. 

Institutional Controls: A Site Manager's Guide to 
Identifying, Evaluating, and Selecting Institutional 
Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action 
Cleanups (EPA 540-F-00-005) 

The fact sheet provides site managers and decision¬ 
makers at Superfund and RCRA corrective action 
sites with an overview of the types of institutional 
controls that commonly are used or implemented and 
outlines the factors that generally should be 
considered when evaluating and selecting 
institutional controls as part of the remedy. The fact 
sheet also provides guidance to the public and the 
regulated community in the matter of how EPA 
intends to evaluate and implement institutional 
controls as part of cleanup decisions. Detailed 
descriptions of the different types of institutional 
controls are provided, as are a glossary and a 
checklist for implementing institutional controls. 


* Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation ♦ Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 85 








ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 




OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating 
the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air 
Pathway from Groundwater and Soils 
(Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance) 

This draft guidance, issued by EPA 
OSWER, provides current technical and policy 
recommendations on determining if the vapor 
intrusion pathway poses an unacceptable risk to 
human health at cleanup sites. At the time of issuing 
this draft guidance, OSWER has recommended its use 
at RCRA Corrective Action sites, Superfund sites and 
brownfields sites, but not for UST sites. The draft 
document is intended to serve as an aid in evaluating 
the potential for human exposure from the vapor 
intrusion pathway given the state-of-the-science at 
this time. EPA believes that the document provides 
relevant information and guidance currently 
available on the issue of vapor intrusion. 

Vapor Intrusion Issues at Brownfields 
Sites 

This background document, prepared by 
the ITRC, is designed to help stakeholders 
involved with redevelopment projects to 
develop a consistent approach to vapor intrusion 
evaluation, regulatory approval, and deployment of 
specific technologies at specific sites. The document 
provides an overview of vapor intrusion, the type of 
contaminants that may have vapor intrusion potential, 
the possibility of brownfields sites to have indoor air 
exposure from vapor intrusion, and the steps that can 
be taken to limit such exposure. The document 
provides an international perspective on the problem 
by including information about vapor intrusion 
problems and case studies of affected sites in Germany. 

B. Site-Specific Resources for Cleanup Design 
and Implementation 

Listed below are case studies and other resources that 
provide information and lessons learned from the 
application of innovative technologies to specific 
contaminants and site types. 

Naval Air Station Pensacola, 
Optimization of RAO to Treat 
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in 
Groundwater 

This summary report, which was 
prepared by NFESC, describes LTM cost reductions 
associated with reducing sampling frequency and the 




number of constituents being analyzed for. The U.S. 
Navy, in conjunction with regulators, optimized 
remedial action operation (RAO) at a former sludge 
drying bed and surge pond site at Naval Air Station 
(NAS) Pensacola in Florida. The RAO resulted in 
improvements in the monitoring program, a 
modification to the remedial strategy, accelerated site 
cleanup, and significant cost savings. 

Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay (In 
Situ Chemical Oxidation) 

During the early 1990s, a plume of 
chlorinated solvents was discovered in 
groundwater moving toward a residential 
area located near Site 11, Old Camden County 
Landfill, Naval Submarine Base (NSB), Kings Bay, 
Georgia. To prevent further off-site contamination, a 
P&T system was designed and installed to 
hydraulically contain the plume at the perimeter of 
the landfill and adjacent to the residential area. An 
RAO modification reduced long-term P&T for 
hydraulic containment to a period of less than 2 
months after chemical oxidation treatments. 
Additionally, this modification resulted in savings of 
more than several million dollars over the life of the 
remedy. NFESC compiled the summary report to 
describe system optimization, such as implementing 
in situ chemical oxidation in addition to P&T in order 
to reduce contaminant concentrations in source areas. 
MNA was implemented to address residual 
concentrations. 

Pilot Project to Optimize Superfund- 
Financed Pump and Treat Systems: 
Summary Report and Lessons Learned 
(EPA 542-R-02-008 a-u) 

This report, which was compiled by 
EPA, summarizes Phase II (site optimization) of the 
Nationwide Fund-lead Pump and Treat 
Optimization Project. This phase included 
conducting RSEs at the 20 sites selected in Phase I 
with the purpose of providing recommendations to 
improve remedy effectiveness, reduce remedy costs, 
improve technical operations, and gain site close¬ 
out. RSEs at 4 of the 20 P&T systems (two in 
Region 4 and two in Region 5) were previously 
conducted as part of a demonstration project 
completed in 2000. The RSE process was 
developed by USACE. 



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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



Pump and Treat and Air Sparging of 
Contaminated Groundwater at the Gold 
Coast Superfund Site, Miami, Florida, 
September 1998 

Gold Coast Oil Corporation operated as a 
spent oil and solvent recovery facility from 1970 to 
1982 near Miami, Florida, and discharged chlorinated 
solvents directly onto the soil. DNAPL was also 
observed in groundwater at this site. The case study 
report prepared by EPA describes modifications to the 
P&T extraction system, including enlarging two 
extraction wells, shutting down the system for 4 
months, conducting air sparging in source areas, and 
adding peroxide to wells for a certain period of time. 
The report describes the results and cost of 
implementing these modifications at the site. 

Cleanup standards were met at this site within 
approximately 4 years after the system modifications. 



Pump and Treat and In Situ 
Bioremediation of Contaminated 
Groundwater at French Limited 
Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas, 

September 1998 
The French Limited site was used as a disposal site 
for industrial waste material that included 
chlorinated solvents and organic contaminants such 
as benzene and chloroform. Active remediation was 
conducted at the site from January 1992 through 
December 1995 using groundwater extraction and 
above-ground treatment; enhanced aquifer flushing 
through pressure injection of clean water; and 
accelerated ISB through the addition of oxygen, 
phosphorus, and nitrate. Source control was 
achieved through installation of sheet-pile walls 
around lagoon and DNAPL source areas. The case 
study report prepared by EPA describes modifications 
to the treatment system, including adding a second 
sheet-pile wall around DNAPL. The report also 
describes the results and cost of implementing these 
modifications at the site. 


Pump and Treat and In Situ 
Bioremediation of Contaminated 
Groundwater at the Libby Groundwater 
Superfund Site, Libby, Montana, 
September 1998 
The Libby site is a former wood-treating facility where 
widespread creosote and PCP contamination was 
observed. The remedial strategy at this site was to 



address the source area by removing the NAPL and to 
stimulate bioremediation in the downgradient upper- 
aquifer plume. The three components of the aquifer 
remedial system included a source area extraction 
system, an intermediate injection system, and a 
boundary injection system. The case study report 
prepared by EPA describes modifications to the 
extraction and treatment system, including converting 
to low-shear pumps, abandoning four extraction 
wells and constructing a new one, and replacing a 
peroxide aeration system for ISB of source water with 
a bubbleless system. The report also describes the 
results and cost of implementing these modifications 
at the site. 



Pump and Treat and Permeable 
Reactive Barrier to Treat Contaminated 
Groundwater at the Former Intersil, 

Inc. Site, Sunnyvale, California, 
September 1998 
The Former Intersil, Inc., site housed a semiconductor 
manufacturer that caused groundwater in the area to 
be contaminated with chlorinated solvents. A P&T 
system was operated at this site from 1987 until 1995. 
After the mass removal by the P&T system had 
asymptotically declined, a PRB was selected as an 
alternative technology. The case study report 
prepared by EPA describes modifications to the P&T 
system, including upgrading the system and 
switching to a PRB in 1995. The report also describes 
the results and cost of implementing these two 
technologies at the site. 



Pump and Treat of Contaminated 
Groundwater at the Mid-South Wood 
Products Superfund Site, Mena, 
Arkansas, September 1998 

The Mid-South Wood Products site was 
contaminated with PCP, PAHs, and heavy metals. 
DNAPL and LNAPL were observed in groundwater 
at the site. The case study report developed by EPA 
describes modifications to the site extraction and 
treatment system, including removing five extraction 
wells, continuously adjusting the pumping schedule 
for the extraction wells, and adding a carbon 
treatment system for 1 year. The system optimization 
was performed after 8 years of systems operation, and 
groundwater contamination was reduced to one 
localized area of concern. The report also describes 
the results and cost of implementing P&T at the site. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 87 








ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 




Pump and Treat of Contaminated 
Groundwater at the SCRDI Dixiana 
Superfund Site, Cayce, South Carolina, 
September 1998 

The SCRDI Dixiana site, a former 
industrial waste storage facility contaminated with 
chlorinated solvents, provided a cleanup challenge 
because of its complex hydrogeology. The case study 
report compiled by EPA describes modifications to the 
site extraction and treatment system, including 
adding a collection trench, reducing the number of 
extraction wells by five, and replacing the tower air- 
stripper with a shallow air stripper. The report also 
describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at 
the site. 

Pump and Treat of Contaminated 
Groundwater at the Solid State Circuits 
Superfund Site, Republic, Missouri, 
September 1998 

The Solid State Circuits site is a former 
manufacturing facility contaminated with chlorinated 
solvents. The groundwater, which was characterized 
as a leaky artesian system occurring in karst 
formations with shallow and deep bedrock zones, 
posed a cleanup challenge. A P&T system was 
operated at the site for several years, but cleanup 
goals were not achieved. Hence, the system had to be 
modified in order to enhance its performance. The 
case study report prepared by EPA describes 
modifications to the extraction and treatment system, 
including adding three extraction wells off site to 
contain the plume and electronically linking the air 
stripper blower to transfer pumps so that the blower 
would shut off when the pumps were not operating. 
The report also describes the results and cost of 
implementing P&T at the site. 

Pump and Treat of Contaminated 
Groundwater at the United Chrome 
Superfund Site, Corvallis, Oregon, 
September 1998 

The United Chrome Superfund site is a 
former industrial hard chrome plating facility where 
chromium contamination was widespread. The case 
study report prepared by EPA describes modifications 
to the site extraction and treatment system, including 
turning off some extraction wells, flushing some 
areas, sending untreated water to a Publicly Owned 
Treatment Works (POTW), and injecting deep aquifer 
water into the upper aquifer. The report also 
describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at 
the site. 




Pump and Treat of Contaminated 
Groundwater at the Western Processing 
Superfund Site, Kent, Washington, 
September 1998 

The Western Processing site was operated 
as a waste processing facility from 1961 to 1983. Over 
400 businesses transported industrial wastes to the 
site to be stored, reclaimed, or buried. The original 
approach to groundwater treatment at this site was 
an aggressive effort to fully restore the site to its 
original condition within 7 years. Restoration was a 
priority, and high costs were incurred to achieve this 
goal, including high P&T system operating costs. 
After 8 years of P&T, the goal of restoration was 
changed to containment based on the technical 
impracticability of achieving full restoration. This 
case study report prepared by EPA describes 
modifications to extraction and treatment system, 
including discontinuing operation of 210 shallow 
well points, installing deep wells, and adding metal 
precipitation to the treatment system. The report also 
describes the results and cost of implementing P&T at 
the site. 

Remedial Action Operation Optimization 
Case Study: Eastern Groundwater 
Plume, New Brunswick, Maine 

This case study report, which was 
prepared by NFESC, includes an 
effectiveness evaluation for the Eastern Groundwater 
Plume P&T system at NAS Brunswick in Maine. The 
primary purpose of the evaluation is to assess the 
ongoing RAO program for this system and to provide 
recommendations for attainment of site remedial 
action objectives and site closure. 

Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural 
Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in 
Ground Water (EPA 600-R-98-128) 

The report provides guidance for 
environmental managers about the steps 
that must be taken to understand the rate and extent 
to which natural processes are reducing contaminant 
concentrations at sites that are contaminated by 
chlorinated solvents. Data collected with this 
protocol can be used to evaluate natural attenuation 
through biological processes as part of a protective 
overall site remedy. The protocol is the result of a 
collaborative field and laboratory research effort 
involving researchers from EPA ORD, the U.S. Air 
Force, and the U.S. Geological Survey. 




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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Where Do We Go from Here? ;T; I j f; 

Next Steps 


After you have completed cleanup, you may take one 
of the following courses of action: 


Result of Cleanup 

Course of Action 

Contamination has 

Consult with the 

been removed, 

appropriate regulatory 

contained. 

officials before proceeding 

or controlled. 

with redevelopment 


activities. 


Additional 

Continue cleanup 

contamination has 

activities. However, you 

been discovered. 

may have to return to the 
SITE INVESTIGATION 


phase to determine the 
extent and nature of 
the contamination. 


Long-term 
monitoring of 
cleanup and 
performance of the 
technology is 
required. 


Return to the SITE 
INVESTIGATION phase 
to collect after-performance 
samples for monitoring 
cleanup. 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • 


Site Investigation • Cleanup Options• Cleanup Design and Implementation 89 









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VAPOR INTRUSION 

Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance 


Vapor intrusion is the migration of volatile chemicals from 
the subsurface into overlying buildings. Vapor intrusion 
is typically associated with releases of volatile organic 
compounds (VOCs) such as petroleum products and 
chlorinated solvents to soil and groundwater from former 
gas stations, dry cleaners, automobile repair shops, and 
industrial facilities. VOCs in 
buried wastes and contaminated 
groundwater can emit vapors that 
may migrate through the 
subsurface into air spaces of 
overlying buildings through 
foundation cracks, holes in 
concrete floors, and small gaps 
around pipes and utility lines. 

Certain site characteristics such as 
the presence of a high water table 
or fractured bedrock can increase 
the likelihood of vapor intrusion. 


cases, however, the 
chemical concentrations 
are low, or depending on 
site-specific conditions, 
vapors may not be present at 
detectable concentrations. 



Vapor intrusion is an emerging 
concern at brownfields sites. The 
underground contaminant vapors 
can act as hidden sources of contamination that may not be 
detected during the due diligence process for property 
transfers. Redevelopment of older buildings with damaged 
foundations can increase the potential for vapor intrusion. Ii 
extreme cases, the vapors may accumulate in dwellings or 
occupied buildings to levels that may pose near-term safety 
hazards, acute health effects or aesthetic problems. In most 


A Quick Look 

Vapor intrusion is the migration of volatile 
chemicals from the subsurface into 
overlying buildings. 

Vapor intrusion is an emerging concern at 
brownfields sites. 

Several strategies have been developed to 
reduce or eliminate indoor air contaminant 
concentrations using source control of the 
contaminant of concern, improving 
ventilation in buildings, air treatment 
methods, and land use controls. 

Savings can be realized when controls are 
addressed prior to redevelopment. 


Some states along with EPA have 
developed methods to screen for 
sites with potential vapor 
intrusion concerns. Several 
strategies have been developed to 
reduce or eliminate indoor air 
contaminant concentrations 
including source remediation, as 
well as building-specific 
engineering (e.g., improved 
ventilation) and land use controls. 
While all exposure controls may 
need ongoing operation, 
maintenance and monitoring, 
considerable savings can be 


realized when controls such as 
vapor barriers, or active and passive venting systems, are 
included prior to redevelopment. 

For additional information, visit: www.epa.gov/ 
epaoswerlhazwastelcaleislvapor.htm, 
www.itrcweb.org/Documents/BRNFLD-1.pdf, 
and http://iavi.rti.org. 


EPA Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance 

On November 29,2002 (67 FR 71169), EPA published the Draft Guidance For Evaluating The Vapor Intrusion to Indoor 
Air Pathway From Groundwater And Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance). The draft guidance is intended to 
provide a tool to conduct a screening evaluation as to whether or not the vapor intrusion exposure pathway is complete 
and to determine whether it poses an unacceptable risk to human health. It is not intended to provide 
recommendations for delineating extent of risk or eliminating risk. The draft guidance provides a three-tiered approach 
to evaluating the vapor intrusion pathway: Primary Screening, Secondary Screening, and Site-Specific Pathway 
Assessment. Each tier contains a set of questions that aid in the determination of whether a vapor intrusion pathway is 
complete. A complete pathway means that humans are exposed to vapors originating from site contamination. For 
those sites determined to have a complete pathway, the draft guidance provides ways to evaluate whether the pathway 
poses a potential significant risk to human health. If a site is determined to have an incomplete vapor intrusion 
pathway, further consideration of the current site situation generally should not be needed. In addition to brownfields 
sites, this draft guidance is suitable for use at RCRA Corrective Action and Superfund sites. 

A copy of the draft guidance, a fact sheet, and other background information is available at: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/ 
\hazwaste/ca/eis/vapor.htm . _ 


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UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL 
CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES: 

Major Concepts and Issues 


Institutional controls (ICs) are administrative and legal 
restrictions or limitations placed on the use of a site to 
minimize potential exposure to chemicals of concern or to 
prevent activities that might interfere with the effectiveness of 
a response action. Institutional controls are vital elements of 
response alternatives because they influence and 
supplement the physical component of the remedy to be 
implemented. On one hand, the right combination of ICs is 
necessary to ensure the protectiveness of the remedy and 
may be critical for obtaining the liability protections under the 
Brownfields Law; on the other hand, the wrong combination 
of institutional controls can be a real or perceived 
impedimentto reuse of a site. ICs 
provide an added measure of 
protectiveness at contaminated sites 
and are not a substitute for 
thorough investigation and cleanup. 

The use of ICs must be carefully 
considered when weighing 
remedial options as their use may 
entail a long-term financial and 
administrative burden to ensure 
effectiveness and may be a 
disincentive to prospective 
purchasers and developers. 

The Small Business Liability Relief 
and Brownfields Revitalization Act addresses ICs at 
brownfields sites in two sections. First, in Section 104, 
Subtitle A, local governments are permitted to use up to 10 
percent of a grant to enforce institutional controls or monitor 
population health effects. Thus, local governments can now 
use EPA funds to enforce ICs. The Act also makes 
compliance with ICs and land use restrictions a prerequisite 
for landowner liability protection. Subtitle B of the Act 
establishes three landowner liability defenses: the bona fide 
prospective purchaser defense, the contiguous landowner 
liability defense, and the innocent landowner defense. To 
qualify for any of these defenses, the landowner must 
demonstrate its compliance with land use restrictions that 
were part of or connected with a response action. A 
landowner must also show that it has not impeded the 
effectiveness or integrity of ICs established in connection 
with a response action to qualify for liability protection. 

The term “institutional control” can be applied to a wide 
spectrum of legal and administrative measures. In general, 



mechanisms for creating 
ICs can be divided into 
four categories: 

• Proprietary controls 

• Governmental controls 

• Enforcement and permit mechanisms 
with 1C components 

• Informational tools 

Proprietary controls are unique because they are based on 
real property law. Examples of proprietary controls include 
covenants, which are written contracts that can prohibit 


A Quick Look 

Institutional controls are administrative and 
legal mechanisms that are intended to reduce 
exposure to residual contamination and 
protect the integrity of a remedy at a former 
industrial facility or waste disposal sites. 

The role of institutional controls is an 
important consideration during the cleanup 
of a brownfields site. 

Examples of institutional controls include 
covenants, recorded deed notices, 
restrictions, and advisories. 


specific types of development or 
construction on the land, and 
easements, which can grant 
property access or restrict the 
owner to land uses that are 
compatible with the intended use. 

Governmental controls involve 
restrictions that generally fall within 
the traditional police powers of 
state and local governments. 
Examples of governmental controls 
include zoning, by which 
restrictions can be imposed 
through the local zoning or land 
use planning authority that limit property access and prohibit 
disturbance of the response action; well drilling 
prohibitions; and ordinances for building permit processes 
and master planning activities. 

Another common type of 1C is enforcement mechanisms. 
Such ICs include administrative orders, consent decrees, and 
RCRA permits that require a landowner, usually a potentially 
responsible party (PRP), to limit certain activities at a site. These 
ICs are used most frequently for CERCLA and RCRA cleanups. 

The final category of ICs is informational tools. 
Informational tools provide information about residual or 
capped contamination or provide notification that such 
contamination may remain on site or that a remedy has 
been undertaken. Typical examples of these tools include 
state registries of contaminated properties, deed notices, 
and advisories. Informational tools are used most 
frequently as a secondary measure to help ensure the 
overall reliability of other institutional controls. 

Continued on next page 


• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 91 












ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


^ Continued ... UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL 

CONTROLS AT BROWNFIELDS SITES: 

Major Concepts and Issues 


ICs are designed to ensure that the postremediation use of a 
property is compatible with the level of cleanup. ICs, 
however, have several limitations. For example, deed notices 
are informational, not enforceable. An easement cannot be 
established unless a party is willing to hold the easement. 
Some state governments cannot hold easements, and other 
parties may be unwilling to do so. Zoning laws may not be 
fully effective unless they are monitored and enforced over the 
long term, and local governments may not have the resources 
for such oversight. Furthermore, zoning ordinances are not 
necessarily permanent; they can be repealed, or local 
governments can grant exceptions after public hearings. 

Concern has been expressed about the long-term viability of 
ICs as a remediation tool. For example, they may be 
forgotten, enforcement agencies may not effectively review 
properties or land users’ actions, or land users simply may 
ignore the controls and take their chances. To ensure 
successful implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of 
ICs, EPA is developing and issuing policies and guidance. 

In February 2003, EPA issued the draft guidance 
Institutional Controls: A Guide to Implementing, 

Monitoring, and Enforcing Institutional Controls at 
Superfund, Brownfields, Federal Facility, UST and RCRA 
Corrective Action Cleanups. The purpose of this guidance 
is to (1) provide Superfund, brownfields, federal facility, 
UST, and RCRA corrective action site managers and site 
attorneys with an overview of their responsibilities for 
implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of 
institutional controls at their sites and (2) discuss some of 
the common issues that site managers and site attorneys 
may encounter when carrying out these responsibilities. 

This guidance is the second in a series of guidance 
documents on the use of ICs. The first guidance, 
Institutional Controls: A Site Manager’s Guide to 
Identifying, Evaluating and Selecting Institutional Controls 
at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action Cleanups 
(OSWER 9355.0-74FS-P, EPA 540-F-00-005) (September 
2000), provides direction for identifying, evaluating, and 
selecting ICs. This guidance is available on the Internet at 
www.epa.gov/superfund/action/ic/index.htm. 

In September 2004, EPA issued OSWER Directive 9355.0- 
106 to set forth its Strategy to Ensure Institutional Control 
Implementation at Superfund Sites. The strategy will assist 
EPA regional and Headquarters personnel in preparing 
region-specific action plans and in conducting the work 


necessary to ensure the proper implementation of ICs at 
Superfund sites. This work includes gathering information 
and entering it in the Institutional Controls Tracking System 
(ICTS), evaluating the data generated by the ICTS, prioritizing 
and conducting site-specific follow-up activities, building 
the capacity to better manage and review institutional control 
information, and coordinating with other interested parties. 

Because land use remains the principal domain of local 
governments, those governments play a significant role in 
the management and oversight of ICs. However, it is not 
always clear what that role will be. Many local governments 
do not yet have the capacity and resources necessary to meet 
the challenges of long-term stewardship. With an improved 
understanding of the terms and issues related to ICs, local 
governments and brownfields stakeholders will be in a better 
position to respond effectively to the long-term challenges of 
using ICs to promote site reuse while ensuring that public 
health and the environment are protected. 

An indication of the significance of 1C issues to local 
governments is the establishment of LUCs.org 
(i www.lucs.org ) through cooperative agreements between 
the International City/County Management Association 
(ICMA) and EPA. LUCs.org is part of ICMA’s continuing 
effort to enhance the effectiveness of local government 
through professional management practices. ICMA and its 
partner agencies and organizations have come to understand 
the importance of providing a clearinghouse of information 
on the subject for the use of all stakeholder groups. 

In addition to their designated implementing role in 
regulatory programs, states may also have broader 
authorities affecting their ability to implement ICs. A 
number of states are establishing specific requirements as 
part of VCPs that address the use of ICs. 

ICs are a mechanism for providing a certain degree of safety in 
the absence of technology that could clean up contaminated 
sites thoroughly. Decision-makers should weigh the full costs 
of such options, including capital costs, costs of long-term 
sampling and analysis, and costs of replacing equipment, as 
well as concerns about potential long-term risks associated 
with contaminants left in place against the costs of options that 
would remove the contaminants permanently. 


For more information, see the resource numbered 
93 in the Index of Resources beginning on page 1-1. 


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• Background • Introduction • Before You Begin • Site Assessment • Site Investigation • Cleanup Options • Cleanup Design and Implementation 93 





































APPENDICES 

\ 




















APPENDIX A 










ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Appendix A 

GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


The tables provided in this appendix are intended to help brownfields stakeholders better understand the types 
of contaminants typically found at brownfields sites and the range of technologies that may be appropriate for 
assessing and remediating those contaminants during the various phases of a site cleanup. 


What Are the Causes of Contamination at Brownfields Sites? 


Section 101 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) defines 
brownfields sites as "real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the 
presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant." Almost any former 
property, industrial or nonindustrial, where chemicals were used, produced, or reclaimed is a potential 
brownfields site. Over the operational history of the site or through its current use, contamination may have 
resulted from use, storage, or disposal of various products or chemicals. Some of the products commonly used 
or generated at the sites that may have resulted in contamination of structures, soils, or groundwater include the 
following: 


• Acids and bases 

• Batteries 

• Cleaning products 

• Coal tar 

• Degreasing agents 

• Diesel fuel 

• Dyes, pigments, and inks 

• Electrical equipment 

• Explosives and ordnance 

• Fertilizers 

• Gasoline 

• Hydraulic fluids and lubricants 


• Insulation 

• Motor oil 

• Oil sludge and waste oil 

• Paints 

• Pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides 

• Plastics 

• Polymers and epoxy compounds 

• Refrigerants and coolants 

• Soaps 

• Solvents 

• Surfactants 

• Waxes 


A wide variety of chemical contaminants may be present at brownfields sites. The following tables present 
information on the sites, typical contaminants, and investigative and remedial technologies: 

• Table A-l lists common site types, activities that may have lead to contamination, and contaminant groups 
typically associated with the site types 

• Table A-2 lists technologies used to analyze contaminants commonly found at brownfields sites 

• Table A-3 lists technologies used to treat contaminants commonly found at brownfields sites 

Seven general contaminant groups are included in Tables A-l, A-2, and A-3. Descriptions of the seven 
contaminant groups have been included at the end of this appendix to provide supplemental information about 
them. In addition, supplemental information about treatment technologies described in Table A-3 also has been 

included at the end of this appendix. 

The information in this appendix was obtained from various U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 
sources The appendix is intended to provide general information on brownfields sites, contaminants, and 
technologies and is not intended to be all-inclusive. Contaminants and activities associated with common 
brownfields site types may not be relevant to every site. Additionally, investigation and remediation 
technologies may not be appropriate for the listed contaminants in all situations. Stakeholders should consult 
EPA or state officials, qualified professionals, and other sources of information when proceeding with 
redevelopment activities. __ ___ _____ 


• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-1 














ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


What Types of Contaminants Are Found at Brownfields Sites? 

Various contaminants potentially may be present at brownfields sites. Table A-l lists common brownfields site 
types, activities that may have lead to contamination over the operational history of these sites, and the 
contaminant groups typically associated with these activities. In this appendix, contaminant groups are 
presented rather than the specific contaminants. Information about the contaminant groups is included 
beginning on page A-ll. Please note that if a contaminant group is listed, it does not imply that all the 
contaminants within a particular group are associated with each site type. 


Table A-l. Typical Contaminants Found at Brownfields Sites 



Agricultural 


Battery recycling and 
disposal 


Chemical and dye 
manufacturing 


Site Activities 


Feed supply and other agricultural chemical distribution 
points may be contaminated with fertilizers, pesticides, 
and herbicides. Groundwater, drainage area sediments, 
soils, and nearby surface waters may be contaminated 
with pesticides and herbicides and could exhibit elevated 
levels of nitrate from fertilizer runoff. Contamination at 
agricultural sites may also arise from chemicals used to 
operate, clean, and maintain farm equipment such as fuel, 
oil, grease, and solvents. 

Battery recycling and disposal facilities regenerate, 
reclaim, and dispose of used batteries. Many batteries 
contain toxic constituents such as lead, mercury, and 
cadmium. The metal in used batteries is separated from 
other battery constituents and processed for reuse. 
Lead-acid automobile batteries must be "broken" to 
reclaim the lead within. In battery breaking, the top of 
the battery casing is removed, the sulfuric acid solution 
inside is drained, and the lead components are separated 
from the casing. The remaining battery casing may be 
rinsed prior to disposal in order to remove residual lead 
oxide. Discarded acid and rinse water may be stored in 
lagoons or tanks. Chemicals may be released to soil and 
groundwater by leaking tanks or through spillage during 
the breaking process. Discarded casings may be buried. 
Any metal remaining on buried, discarded casings may 
leach into soil and groundwater. The extracted metal 
must be smelted prior to reuse. Particulate matter emitted 
by the smelter may contaminate nearby surface soil. 

A wide range of chemicals are used and generated in 
facilities that manufacture, reformulate, and package 
various chemicals and dyes for commercial and industrial 
use. The types of contaminants released depend on the 
raw materials, processes, equipment and maintenance 
practices used. Environmental contamination resulting 
from chemical and dye manufacturing may persist in 
nearby or downstream surface waters or sediments long 
after operations have ceased. Moreover, chemical 
operations can change over time or involve multiple 
processes; therefore, the sites may be overlaid with several 
generations of wastes from a variety of products or 
processes. Many chemical facilities also have quality 
assurance and research laboratories that use small 
quantities of toxic chemicals that could contaminate 
isolated locations. 


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A-2 
















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


Site Type 


Chlor-alkali 

manufacturing 


Cosmetics 

manufacturing 


Drum recycling 


Dry cleaning 


Gasoline stations 



Chlor-alkali plants produce a variety of chemicals, including 
chlorine, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, sodium hypochlorite, 
sodium hydrosulfite, salt, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, and spent 
sulfuric acid. Three basic processes are used for the 
manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda from brine: the 
mercury cell, diaphragm cell, and membrane cell processes. 
The mercury cell process uses elemental mercury as the 
cathode and produces mercury-contaminated wastewater, 
solid waste, and gaseous emissions. The process and waste 
streams must be carefully controlled to prevent the release of 
mercury to the environment. The diaphragm cell process may 
use lead or graphite anodes and asbestos diaphragms and 
may generate chlorinated hydrocarbons as a by-product. The 
membrane cell process is the most modem and has economic 
and environmental advantages. The primary by-product of the 
membrane cell process is dilute hydrochloric acid, which must 
be neutralized before it is discharged into the environment. 

X 


X 



X 


Cosmetics are mixtures of surfactants, oils, and other 
ingredients. Cosmetics may contain mineral or metallic and 
nonmetallic additives. In sunscreen, for example, titanium and 
zinc are used as sun blockers. The color of makeup is determined 
by the concentrations and ratio of black or red iron oxide, 
titanium dioxide, and/or zinc oxide. Metal dyes are used in 
fingernail polish. The uses and concentrations of heavy metals 
play an important role in cosmetics production and a primary 
environmental concern at these site types. 

X 

X 




X 


Drum recycling facilities clean used drums for reuse. Soil 
and groundwater contamination at these facilities may 
result from leaking and spilling of residual chemicals and 
oils. The variety of chemicals stored in drums makes 
characterizing potential contaminants difficult. Contaminants 
could include acids, bases, corrosives, reactive chemicals, 
flammable materials, and oils. Spillage of paint, paint thinners, 
and solvents can also contaminate drum recycling facilities. 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


The dry cleaning industry provides garment cleaning and 
related services such as clothes pressing and finishing. The dry 
cleaning process is physically very similar to the home laundry 
process except that clothes are washed in dry cleaning solvent 
instead of water. Dry cleaning sites may become contaminated 
because of leaks, spills, and improper disposal of solvents. 

X 

X 






Gasoline stations consist of pump islands, underground 
storage tanks (UST) for fuel, small storage areas, and service 
areas (which typically contain either hydraulic lifts or pits) for 
changing automobile engine oil and other maintenance 
activities. Gasoline and diesel fuel are transferred from bulk 
tank trucks to large USTs. Spills at the transfer areas and 
pumps along with overfilling of and leakage from the USTs 
are likely sources of contamination at gasoline stations. The 
primary contaminants of concern at gasoline stations include 
petroleum hydrocarbons; Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and 
Xylenes (BTEX); and fuel oxygenates such as methyl tertiary 
butyl ether. Service areas typically have small containers of 
ethylene glycol (coolant), hydraulic oils, lubricants, automotive 
batteries (lead and acid), and compressed gas especially 
acetylene and oxygen cylinders for welding operations. 

Surface soils may be contaminated because of historical spills 
or dumping of used lubricants, coolants, and cleaning 
solvents generated during service activities. Subsurface soils 
and groundwater, especially in the vicinity of USTs, may also 
bp contaminated because of spills, overfilling, and leaks. 


X 


X 

X 

X 



Continued on next page 


• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-3 


















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


Site Type 


Glass manufacturing 


Hospitals 


Incinerators 


Landfills, municipal and 
industrial 


Leather manufacturing 


Site Activities 


The glass industry consists of firms engaged in primary 
glass manufacturing and of others that create products 
using purchased glass. The primary contaminants associated 
with glass manufacturing are metals such as lead, arsenic, 
chromium, and others. Other chemicals used in the glass 
manufacturing process include hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric 
acid, and various organic and inorganic solvents. 
Contaminants may be released to the environment through 
spills and leaks of raw materials and plant maintenance 
waste as well as insufficiently treated air emissions. 

Hospitals use a variety of toxic chemicals for diagnostic and 
therapeutic procedures as well as for cleaning and sterilization. 
Hazardous materials used include chemotherapy and 
antineoplastic chemicals, formaldehyde, photographic 
chemicals, radionuclides, solvents, mercury, anesthetic gases, 
and other toxic or corrosive chemicals. These substances may 
be released to the environment through leaks and spills, 
improper disposal of wastes, and insufficient treatment of 
wasterwater. In addition, medical waste incinerators may 
release mercury into the air. 

An incinerator is an enclosed device that uses controlled 
flame combustion to thermally break down waste to an ash 
residue that contains little or no combustible material. 
Incinerators may accept specific wastes such as municipal 
solid waste, sewage sludge, or medical waste. Contamination 
from incinerators may be associated with storage and 
handling of waste materials prior to incineration as well as 
disposal of ash and other by-products of the combustion 
process. 

Landfills are now restricted to household garbage, yard 
wastes, construction debris, and office wastes. Prior to 1970, 
however, landfills could accept industrial wastes. Therefore, 
older landfills are more likely to be contaminated with 
hazardous chemicals. Even modem landfills can contain a 
host of chemicals from household wastes such as oils, paints, 
solvents, corrosive cleaners, batteries, and gardening products. 
Illegal dumping at landfills can also cause serious 
contamination. Improperly designed landfills have a higher 
likelihood of surface soil and groundwater contamination 
and may trap explosive levels of methane gas and hydrogen 
sulfide in the soil. 

Leather tanning is the process of converting raw hides or skins 
into leather. Hides and skins absorb tannic acid and other 
chemical substances that prevent them from decaying, 
make them resistant to wetting, and keep them supple and 
durable. Tanning is essentially the reaction of collagen fibers 
in the hide with tannins, chromium, alum, or other chemical 
agents. The most common tanning agents used in the 
United States are trivalent chromium and vegetable 
tannins extracted from certain tree barks. Alum, syntans 
(manmade chemicals), formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, 
and heavy oils are also used as tanning agents. 


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Continued on next page 


A-4 
















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


Site Type 


Machine shops and 
metal fabrication 


Manufactured gas plants 
and coal gasification 


Marine maintenance 


Metal plating and finishing 


Metal recycling and 
automobile salvage 


Site Activities 


The fabricated metal product industry has facilities that 
generally perform two functions: forming metal shapes and 
performing metal finishing operations, including surface 
preparation. Metal fabricators produce ferrous and 
nonferrous metal products. Machining and other metal 
working may generate waste metals, lubricants, cleaners, 
and other materials. These substances may impact soil, 
groundwater, and surface water if they are spilled, leaked, 
or improperly disposed. 

Manufactured gas has been produced as a fuel source from 
coal and oil since the early 1800s. Typically, coal or oil is 
heated and the resulting volatilized gases are distilled to 
produce natural gas. Depending on the process design, 
various by-products can be recovered, including anthracene, 
benzene, cresol, naphthalene, paraffin, phenol, toluene, and 
xylenes. Waste products from manufactured gas operations 
include coal fines, coal tar, cyanide salts, hydrogen sulfide 
gas, ammonia, and wastewater. Leakage and spillage from 
storage drums or tanks may contaminate surface and 
subsurface soils, sediments, surface water, and groundwater. 

Marine maintenance industry establishments engage in 
general painting and repair of ship or boat structures and 
engines or power plants. Activities may include painting, 
servicing engines, structural repairs, engine or power plant 
maintenance, electroplating, air conditioning and refrigeration 
service, electrical repair, and other cleaning and repair services. 
A number of chemicals may be used at marine maintenance 
facilities, including chemical paint strippers, blast media, 
antifouling paints, solvents, carburetor cleaner, cutting 
fluids, acids and alkalis, cyanide, heavy metal baths, 
fiberglass and reinforcement, resins, and mold release agents. 

Metal plating operations improve a product's performance 
(for example its durability or corrosion resistance) or 
appearance. Metal components are first cleaned (using 
solvents and/or water-based detergents) to remove dirt and 
oils from manufacturing operations. The metal components 
are subsequently etched, plated, and finished in a series of 
vats or baths. Common plating metals include cadmium, 
chromium, copper, gold, nickel, silver, and their alloys. 
Spillage during plating and cleaning operations and 
leakage or overflows from storage tanks and process vats 
may contaminate concrete floors and underlying soils. 
Groundwater may also be contaminated by heavy metals, 
cyanide, and solvents. 

Automobile salvage yards recover usable parts, scrap metal, 
and other recyclable materials from old or wrecked 
automobiles. Nonrecyclable materials are stored on site or sent 
to a municipal landfill. Metal recyclers purchase metal from a 
variety of sources and sort and process the scrap metal for 
resale. Metals commonly salvaged by these facilities include 
iron, steel, copper, brass, and aluminum. Sites may contain 
non-recyclable wastes and contaminated materials. 
Contaminated "auto fluff", a fibrous residue containing 
plastics, fabrics, and other materials, may be present at 
sites that perform shredding. Depending on the type of 
recycling operation conducted at a site, the surrounding soils 
may be contaminated with heavy metals, asbestos, 
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) oils, hydraulic fluids, 
lubricating oils, fuels, and solvents. 


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• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-5 

















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


Site Type 


Munitions manufacturing 
and ordnance sites 


Mining 


Painting and automobile 
body repair 


Pesticide manufacturing 
and use 


Petroleum refining 
and reuse 


Site Activities 


Ordnance sites typically include facilities that manufacture, 
assemble, store, or dispose of a variety of military munitions 
such as bombs, shells, grenades, mines, small arms 
ammunition, and specialty explosives. Potential 
contaminants in structures and surrounding property include 
di- and tri-nitro substituted phenols and benzenes, 
nitroglycerin, metals, ethers, formaldehyde, and ammoniated 
compounds. Unexploded ordnance (UXO) may be buried 
along with other waste materials. Groundwater may be 
contaminated with solvents such as formaldehyde and 
toluene. Furthermore, because of the age of some facilities, 
asbestos-containing materials may be found in abandoned 
buildings and demolition debris. 

There are three general steps in the mining process: extraction, 
beneficiation, and processing. Extraction of the mineral value 
from the rock or matrix is the initial step in the operation. 
Beneficiation is the processing of extracted materials to clean 
or concentrate the product either for use as a final product or in 
preparation for further processing. Beneficiation may involve 
physical (such as milling) or chemical (such as leaching) 
separation processes or both. Processing is conducted 
following beneficiation to further extract or refine the material 
and prepare it for specific uses. Processing may include a 
variety of operations such as smelting, refining, roasting and 
digesting. Chemical contamination at mining sites may result 
from acidic, metal-laden mine drainage. Spilled, leaked, or 
improperly disposed of petroleum, lubricants, and other 
industrial chemicals may also result in site contamination. 

Paint shops and automobile body repair shops paint various 
plastic and metal products and fix truck and automobile 
body parts. Damaged automobile body parts are replaced 
or repaired with fillers and are then sanded, primed, and 
painted. The shops may use cutting torches, welding 
equipment, solvents and cleaners, fiberglass, various polymers 
and epoxy compounds, and sand or grit blasting. Gasoline 
and diesel from vehicle fuel tanks, solvents, cleaners, acids, 
and paints may be leaked or spilled, contaminating soils 
and groundwater. Typical contaminants include toluene, 
acetone, perchloroethylene, xylene, gasoline and diesel fuel, 
carbon tetrachloride, and hydrochloric and phosphoric acids. 

A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances 
intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating 
any pest. The term pesticide also applies to herbicides, 
fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests. 
Spillage, leakage, and improper storage or disposal of 
pesticides may result in their release to the environment. Sites 
may also be contaminated with properly applied but 
persistent pesticides. Because of the wide variety of pesticides 
and applications, facilities manufacturing or using pesticides 
may be contaminated with a broad range of chemicals. 

Oil production facilities consist of oil drilling, refining, storage, 
transfer, transport, and recycling facilities. Typical materials 
present at these facilities include crude, fuel, and motor oils as 
well as waste oils. Production processes at these facilities may 
contaminate soils with sludges, acids, and waste oil additives 
as well as co-contaminants such as PCBs when spills, leaks or 
improper disposal practices occur. In some cases,disposal 
pits may contain thick tarry sludges with very high pH values. 
Groundwater and deeper soil may be contaminated with 
metals and lighter oil fractions such as BTEX. 


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A-6 
















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


Site Type 


Pharmaceutical 

manufacturing 


Photographic film 
manufacturing and 
development 


Plastic manufacturing 


Printing and ink 
manufacturing 


Railroad yards 


Site Activities 


The pharmaceutical industry manufactures bulk 
pharmaceutical intermediates and active ingredients, that 
are further processed into finished products. Chemicals used 
in the manufacturing process vary according to the desired 
product and the process type. Equipment must be thoroughly 
cleaned between processing operations for different products. 
VOCs are used as solvents at various stages of the 
manufacturing process. Because of the purity required for 
products, spent solvent is not usually reused in 
pharmaceutical manufacturing. It may be sold for 
nonpharmaceutical use or destroyed via incineration. The 
ten contaminants most commonly discharged in 
pharmaceutical wastewater are methanol; ethanol; acetone; 
isopropanol; acetic acid; methylene chloride; formic acid; 
ammonium hydroxide; N,N-dimethylacetamide and toluene. 

Photographic film is coated with an emulsion containing 
light-sensitive silver halide crystals. Once film has been 
exposed, it must go through a series of chemical processes 
to bring out the images. Various chemicals are used as 
developers and fixing solutions, including hydroquinone, 
catechols, aminophenols, acetic acid, muriatic (hydrochloric) 
acid, and sodium or ammonium thiosulfate. Silver solutions 
are often generated during the photographic development 
processes. 

Almost all plastics are made from petroleum. Plastics are 
polymers, which are very long chains of molecules that 
consist of subunits (monomers) linked together by chemical 
bonds. Monomers of petrochemical plastics are not typically 
biodegradable. Wastes generated by the industry include 
polymers, phthalates, cadmium, solvents, resins, chemical 
additives, and VOCs. 

The printing industry consists of firms engaged in printing 
using one or more common processes such as lithography, 
letterpress, flexography, gravure, and screen printing. 
Contamination may result from spills, leaks, and improper 
disposal of excess chemicals and wastes, including ink 
constituents such as metals, cleaners, and solvents used 
during printing and production processes. 

Railroad yards may consist of any combination of track and 
switching areas, engine maintenance buildings, engine fueling 
areas, bulk and container storage and transfer stations, and 
storage areas for materials used in track and engine 
maintenance. Materials used at railroad yards include 
diesel fuel, paint, solvents and degreasing agents, PCB oils, 
and creosote. Spills, leaks, or dumping of these compounds 
may contaminate soil and groundwater. Chemical spills 
and leaks during loading and unloading of tanker and 
freight cars can also contaminate a railroads yard. 

Because of the variety of chemicals used at and transported 
through railroad yards, virtually any type of chemical 
contamination could be present. 


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• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-7 














ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


Site Type 


Research and educational 
institutions 


Semiconductor 

manufacturing 


Smelter operations 


Underground storage tanks 


Vehicle maintenance 


Wood preservation 


Site Activities 


Academic institutions are often similar to small cities, as 
they may have research laboratories, automobile repair 
facilities, power plants, wastewater treatment plants, 
hazardous waste management and trash disposal activities, 
asbestos management activities, drinking water supply 
facilities, grounds maintenance activities and incineration 
facilities. Educational institutions typically generate small 
quantities of a variety of wastes, including inorganic acids, 
organic solvents, metals and metal dust, photographic 
waste, waste oil, paint, heavy metals, and pesticides. 

The semiconductor manufacturing industry is a subset of 
the electronics manufacturing industry and produces 
integrated circuits or "chips." Contamination on 
semiconductor chips is one of the primary reasons that they 
fail; therefore, chips are cleaned before and after many of the 
manufacturing steps. Chemicals used in the manufacturing 
process include various acids, ethylene glycol, hydroxide 
solutions, halogen gases, fluorocarbons, chlorine, and 
various organic solvents. 

The primary use of smelting is to produce iron and steel 
from iron ore. Smelting is also used to extract copper and 
other base metals from raw ores. Contamination from 
smelting operations often takes the form of deposition of 
airborne metals, asbestos, and sulfur compounds in areas 
surrounding smelters. Contamination may also result from 
improper storage and disposal of raw ores or by-product slag. 

A UST is a tank and any underground piping connected to 
a tank where at least 10 percent of the combined volume is 
under the ground. USTs often contain petroleum products, 
gasoline, or other chemicals. Faulty installation or inadequate 
operating and maintenance procedures can cause USTs to 
release their contents into the environment. The greatest 
potential hazard from leaking USTs is that petroleum fuels, 
fuel additives, or other hazardous substances can seep 
into soil and contaminate groundwater. 

Vehicle maintenance involves handling and managing a wide 
variety of materials and wastes, including oils, batteries, 
refrigerants, antifreeze, solvents, asbestos, and fuels. 
Improper management and disposal of wastes as well as 
leaks from fuel and waste storage containers may result in 
contamination of vehicle maintenance facilities. 

Wood preservation sites typically consist of wood preparation 
facilities, chemical storage tanks, chemical treatment areas 
(including high-pressure vessels in many cases), drip or 
drying areas, and wood storage areas. Wood is treated with 
preservative chemicals either by dipping the wood into a 
chemical bath or by injecting chemicals into the wood under 
pressure. Storage tanks at wood preservation sites could 
contain creosote, pentachlorophenol, or chrome-copper- 
arsenate (CCA) solutions for wood treatment. These chemicals 
could enter the environment if the tanks were overfilled or 
leaked. Contaminated water squeezed from wood during 
processing and retort sludge may have spilled on the ground, 
causing soil and ground water contamination. As treated 
wood is transferred from the treatment area to the drying 
area, chemicals may drip onto soil and contaminate the soil 
and groundwater. Likewise, drippage in drying areas, 
especially in older operations where pressure treatment may 
not have been used, could result in soil contamination. Runoff 
from site could also contaminate nearby surface waters. 


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A-8 



















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


Site Type 


Wood pulp and paper 
manufacturing 


Site Activities 


The pulp and paper industry produces commodity grades 
of wood pulp, printing and writing paper, sanitary tissue, 
industrial-type paper, containerboard, and boxboard using 
cellulose fiber from timber or purchased or recycled fibers. 
The two steps involved are pulping and paper or paperboard 
manufacturing. Pulping is the process of dissolving wood 
chips into individual fibers using chemical, semichemical, 
or mechanical methods. Pulping is the major source of 
environmental impacts in the industry. Chlorinated 
organic compounds in pulp plant wastewater sludge are 
of particular concern because of their tendency to partition 
from effluent to solids. Improper treatment or disposal of 
wastes may result in contamination being released to the 
environment. Spills and leaks of process and waste 
chemicals are other common sources of contamination at 
pulp mills. Air emissions are also problematic at pulp mills, 
which are typically noted for their unpleasant odors. 




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Notes: 

SVOC = Semivolatile organic compound 
VOC = Volatile organic compound 


What Technologies May Be Used to Investigate Contamination at Brownfields Sites? 

Various analytical technologies may be used to investigate contamination at brownfields sites. Table A-2 
contains information on analytical technologies that are available for investigating the contaminant groups 
presented in Table A-l. 


Table A-2. Technologies for Analyzing Contaminants at Brownfields Sites 


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Amperometric and Galvanic Cell Sensor 
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry 
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 
Catalytic Surface Oxidation 
Chemical Colorimetric Kits 
Chemical Reaction-Based Test Papers 
Detector Tubes 
Electrochemical Detector Kits 
Electromagnetic 
Explosimeter 

Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors 
Field Bioassessment 
Flame-Ionization Detector 


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X 

X 






X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 


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X 

X 








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X 


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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 






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X 

X 

X 

X 


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X 

X 

X 


X 

X 




Continued on next page 


• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-9 































ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


/*///*/// 


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Fluorescence Spectrophotometry 






X 


Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 

X 

X 



X 



Free Product Sensors 

X 



X 

X 



Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

Ground Penetration Radar 



X 

X 

X 

X 


Immunoassay Colorimetric Kits 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 






X 


Infrared Spectroscopy 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 



Ion Chromatography 






X 


Ion Mobility Spectrometer 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry 

X 

X 

X 

X 




Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 






X 


Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 



Magnetometry 






X 


Near Infrared Reflectance/Transmittance Spectroscopy 

X 

X 






Particle-Induced X-Ray Emissions 






X 


Photo Ionization Detector 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 



Piezoelectric Sensors 

X 

X 






Raman Spectroscopy/Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 



Resistivity / Conductivity 





X 

X 


Room-Temperature Phosphorimetry 



X 

X 




Scattering/Absorption LIDAR 

X 

X 






Semiconductor Sensors 

X 

X 






Soil-Gas Analyzer Systems 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

Solid/Porous Fiber Optic 

X 

X 

X 


X 



Synchronous Luminescence / Fluorescence 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 



Thin-Layer Chromatography 




X 




Toxicity Tests 

X 

X 

X 

X 


X 

X 

Titrimetry Kits 





X 



Ultraviolet Fluorescence 

X 

X 


X 




Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometry 

X 

X 


X 

X 



X-Ray Fluorescence 

X 


X 



X 

X 


What Technologies May Be Used to Remediate at Brownfields Sites? 

Various treatment technologies may be used to remediate contamination at brownfields sites. Table A-3 
contains information on treatment technologies that are available for remediating the contaminants presented in 
Table A-l. Descriptions of the remedial technologies are included at the end of this appendix beginning on 
page A-15. 


A-10 















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Table A-3. Technologies for Treating Contaminants Found at Brownfields Sites 



Air Sparging 

G 

G 



G 



Bioremediation 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 


S/G 

Chemical Treatment 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

Electrokinetics 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 


S/G 


Flushing 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 


Incineration 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 


S 

In-Well Air Stripping 

G 

G 






Mechanical Soil Aeration 

S 







Multi Phase Extraction 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 



Open Bum/Open Detonation 







S 

Permeable Reactive Barrier 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

Physical Separation 



S 

S 


S 


Phytoremedia tion 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

Pump and Treat 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

Soil Vapor Extraction 

S 

S 



S 



Soil Washing 

S 

s 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

Solidification / Stabilization 

s 

s 

S 

s 

S 

S 

S 

Solvent Extraction 

s 

s 

s 

s 

S 

s 

s 

Thermal Desorption 

s 

s 

s 

s 

S 


s 

Thermal Treatment (in situ) 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 

S/G 



Vitrification 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

s 



Notes: 

S and G indicate the media that can be treated using each technology type 
S = Soils, sediments, and sludges 
G = Groundwater, leachate, and surface water 


What Are the Contaminant Groups Presented in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3? 

The following general contaminant groups are included in Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3: 

Halogenated VOCs 
Nonhalogenated VOCs 
Halogenated SVOCs 
Nonhalogenated SVOCs 
Fuels 

Metals and metalloids 
Explosives 

Descriptions of the seven contaminant groups are included below to provide supplemental information about 
the characteristics and specific constituents of the groups. 


APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-11 




















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Halogenated VOCs 

VOCs are hydrocarbon compounds that evaporate readily at room temperature A halogenated VOC is a VOC 
that has a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to it. Locations where halogenated VOCs 
may be found include burn pits, chemical manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated marine 
sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas, 
hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed 
waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, dry cleaning shops, grain storage sites, paint stripping and 
spray booth areas, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and 
vehicle maintenance areas. Typical halogenated VOCs encountered at many sites include those listed below. 


1 -Chloro-2-propene 

Carbon tetrachloride 

Hexachlorobutadiene 

1,1 -Dichloroethane 

Chlorodibromomethane 

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 

1,1-Dichloroethylene (Vinylidene chloride) 

Chloroe thane 

Hexachloroethane 

1,1,1 -T richloroethane 

Chloroform 

Monochlorobenzene 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 

Chloromethane 

Neoprene 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane (Vinyl trichloride) 

Chloropropane 

Pentachloroethane 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (Acetylene tetrachloride) 
(Perchloroethylene) 

Cis-1,2-dichloroethy lene 

T etrachloroethy lene 

1,2-Dichloroethane 

Cis-l,3-dichloropropene 

Trans-1,2-dichloroethy lene 

1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene dichloride) 

Dibromochloropropane 

Trans-l,3-d ichloropr opene 

1,2,2-Trifluoroethane (Freon 113) 

Dibromomethane 

T richloroethy lene 

2-Butylene dichloride 

Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 

T richlorotrifl uoroethane 

Bromodichloromethane 

Ethylene dibromide 

Vinyl chloride 

Bromoform 

Fluorotrichloromethane (Freon 11) 


Bromomethane 

Glycerol trichlorohydrin 



Nonhalogenated VOCs 

A nonhalogenated VOC is a VOC that does not have a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached 
to it. Locations where nonhalogenated VOCs may be found include burn pits, chemical manufacturing plants 
and disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal 
finishing shops, firefighting training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, 
leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, paint 
stripping and spray booth areas, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface 
impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical nonhalogenated VOCs (excluding fuels, BTEX, and 
gas-phase contaminants) encountered at many sites include those listed below: 


1-Butanol (n-Butyl alcohol) 

Carbon disulfide 

Methanol 

4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone) 

Cyclohexanone 

Methyl ethyl ketone 

Acetone 

Ethanol 

Styrene 

Acrolein 

Ethyl acetate 

Tetrahydrofuran 

Acrylonitrile 

Ethyl ether 

Vinyl acetate 

Aminobenzene 

Isobutanol 



Halogenated SVOCs 

SVOCs are hydrocarbon compounds with boiling points greater than 200°C. A halogenated SVOC is an SVOC that has 
a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) attached to it. Locations where halogenated SVOCs may be found 


A-12 










ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


include bum pits and other combustion sources, chemical manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated 
marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas, 
hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and bunal pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste 
disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, dry cleaning shops, grain storage sites, pesticide and herbicide mixing 
areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, vehicle maintenance areas and wood preservation sites. 
Typical halogenated SVOCs (excluding fuels and explosives) encountered at many sites include those listed below: 


l,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy) ethane 

3,3-Dichlorobenzidine 

Chlorobenzilate 

1,2-Dichlorobenzene (o-Dichlorobenzene) 

4-Bromophenyl phenylether 

Chlorphenothane 

1,2,4-T richlorobenzene 

4-Chloroaniline 

Hexachlorobenzene 

1,3-Dichlorobenzene (m- Dichlorobenzene) 

4-Chlorophenyl phenylether 

Hexachlorobutadiene 

1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene) 

Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ether 

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 

2-Chloronaphthalene 

Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane 

p-Chloro-m-cresol 

2-Chlorophenol 

Bis(2-chloroethoxy)phthalate 

Pentachlorobenzene 

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin 

Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether 

Pentachlorophenol 

2,4-Dichlorophenol 

Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether 

Polychlorinated biphenyls 

2,4,5-T richlorophenol 

Chlordane 

Quintozene 

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 

Chlorobenzene 

T etrachlorophenol 


Pesticides are a subgroup of halogenated SVOCs. Typical pesticides encountered at many sites include those 
listed below. 


Aldrin 

4,4'-DDD 

Endosulfan sulfate 

Heptachlor epoxide 

BHC-alpha 

4,4'-DDE 

Endrin 

Malathion 

BHC-beta 

4,4'-DDT 

Endrin aldehyde 

Methylparathion 

BHC-delta 

Dieldrin 

Ethion 

Parathion 

BHC-gamma 

Endosulfan I 

Ethyl parathion 

Toxaphene 

Chlordane 

Endosulfan II 

Heptachlor 



Nonhalogenated SVOCs 

A nonhalogenated SVOC is an SVOC that does not have a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) 
attached to it. Locations where nonhalogenated SVOCs may be found include burn pits, chemical 
manufacturing plants and disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, 
electroplating and metal finishing shops, firefighting training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, 
landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste disposal areas, oxidation ponds 
and lagoons, pesticide and herbicide mixing areas, solvent degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and 
vehicle maintenance areas and wood preservation sites. Typical nonhalogenated SVOCs (excluding fuels and 
explosives) encountered at many sites include those listed below: 


1 -Aminonaphathalene 

Anthracene 

Diphenylenemethane (Fluorene) 

1,2-Benzacenaphthene 

Benzidine 

Ethion 

1,2-Diphenylhydrazine 

Benzo(a)anthracene (Tetraphene) 

Ethyl parathion 

2-Aminonaphthalene 

Benzo(a)pyrene 

Indeno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene 

2-Methylnaphthalene 

Benzo(b)fluoranthene 

Isophorone 

2-Nitroaniline 

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 

Malathion 

2-Nitrophenol 

Benzoic acid 

Methylparathion 

- Continued on next page 


• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-13 

















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Continued 


2,3-Phenylenepyrene 

Benzyl alcohol 

Naphthalene 

2,4-Dinitrophenol 

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 

n-Nitrosodimethylamine 

3-Nitroaniline 

Butyl benzyl phthalate 

n-N i trosodi-n-propylamine 

4-Nitroaniline 

Chrysene 

n-Nitrosodiphenylamine 

4-Nitrophenol 

Dibenzofuran 

Parathion 

4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol 

Diethyl phthalate 

Phenanthrene 

Acenaphthene 

Dimethyl phthalate 

Phenyl naphthalene 

Acenaphthylene 

Di-n-butyl phthalate 

Pyrene 

Allyldioxybenzene methylene ether 

Di-n-octyl phthalate 



Fuels 

Fuels are a general class of chemicals created by refining and manufacturing petroleum or natural gas for use in 
combustion processes to generate heat or other energy. Fuels include nonhalogenated VOCs, nonhalogenated 
SVOCs, or both. Sites where fuel contamination may be found include aircraft, storage and service areas, burn 
pits, chemical disposal areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, firefighting 
training areas, hangars and aircraft maintenance areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, solvent 
degreasing areas, surface impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical fuel contaminants 
encountered at many sites include those listed below: 


1-Pentene 

2,3,4-T rimethylhexane 

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 

n-Decane 

1,2,3,4-T etramethylbenzene 

2,3,4-T rimethylpentane 

Chrysene 

n-Dodecane 

1,2,4-T rimethy lbenzene 

2,4-Dimethylphenol 

Cis-2-butene 

n-Heptane 

1,2,4-T rimethy 1-5-ethylbenzene 

2,4,4-T rimethylhexane 

Creosols 

n-Flexane 

1,2,4,5-Tetramethy lbenzene 

3-Ethylpentane 

Cyclohexane 

n-Hexylbenzene 

1,3,5-T rimethy lbenzene 

3-Methyl-l -butene 

Cyclopentane 

n-Nonane 

2-Methyl-l,3-butadiene 

3-Methyl-l -pentene 

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 

n-Octane 

2-Methyl-2-b u tene 

3-Methyl-l ,2-butadiene 

Dimethylethylbenzene 

n-Pentane 

2-Methyl-butene 

3-Methylheptane 

Ethylbenzene 

n-Propylbenzene 

2-Methylheptane 

3-Methylhexane 

Fluoranthene 

n-Undecane 

2-Methylnaphthalene 

3-Methylpentane 

Fluorene 

o-Xylene 

2-Methylpentane 

3,3-Dimethyl-l-butene 

Ideno(l,2,3-c,d)pyrene 

Phenanthrene 

2-Methylphenol 

3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 

Isobutane 

Phenol 

2,2-Dimethylheptane 

4-Methylphenol 

Isopentane 

Propane 

2,2-Dimethylhexane 

Acenaphthene 

Methylcyclohexane 

p-Xylene 

2,2-Dimethylpentane 

Anthracene 

Methylcyclopentane 

Pyrene 

2,2,4-Trimethylheptane 

Benzene 

Methylnaphthalene 

Pyridine 

2,2,4-T rimethy lpentane 

Benzo(a)anthracene 

Methylpropylbenzene 

Toluene 

2,3-Dimethylbutane 

Benzo(a)pyrene 

m-Xylene 

Trans-2-butene 

2,3-Dimethylpentane 

Benzo(b)fluoranthene 

Naphthalene 

Trans-2-pentene 

2,3,4-Trimethylheptane 

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 

n-Butane 

Vinyl benzene 


A-14 












ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Metals and Metalloids 

Metals are one of the three groups of elements distinguished by their ionization and bonding properties, along 
with metalloids and nonmetals. Metals have certain characteristic physical properties: they are usually shiny, 
have a high density, are ductile and malleable, usually have a high melting point, are usually hard, and 
conduct electricity and heat well. Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and 
nonmetals. There is no unique way of distinguishing a metalloid from a true metal, but the most common way 
is that metalloids are usually semiconductors rather than conductors. Locations where metals and metalloids 
may be found include artillery and small arms impact areas, battery disposal areas, burn pits, chemical disposal 
areas, contaminated marine sediments, disposal wells and leach fields, electroplating and metal finishing 
shops, firefighting training areas, landfills and burial pits, leaking storage tanks, radioactive and mixed waste 
disposal areas, oxidation ponds and lagoons, paint stripping and spray booth areas, sand blasting areas, 
surface impoundments, and vehicle maintenance areas. Typical metals and metalloids encountered at many 
sites include those listed below. 


Aluminum 

Calcium 

Mercury 

Tin 

Antimony 

Chromium 

Molybdenum 

Titanium 

Arsenic 

Cobalt 

Nickel 

Vanadium 

Barium 

Copper 

Potassium 

Zinc 

Beryllium 

Iron 

Selenium 

Zirconium 

Bismuth 

Lead 

Silver 


Boron 

Magnesium 

Sodium 


Cadmium 

Manganese 

Thallium 



Explosives 

Most commonly, artificial explosives are chemical explosives manufactured for use as explosives and 
propellants. Sites where explosive contaminants may be found include artillery impact areas, contaminated 
marine sediments, disposal wells, leach fields, landfills, burial pits, and TNT washout lagoons. Typical 
explosive contaminants encountered at many sites include those listed below. 


2,4-DNT (2,4-Dinitrotoluene) 

Nitroglycerine 

2,6-DNT (2,6-Dinitrotoluene) 

Nitroguanidine 

AP (Ammonium perchlorate) 

Picrates 

DNB (Dinitrobenzenes) 

RDX (Cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine) 

HMX (l,3,5,7-Tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetraazocyclooctane) 

Tetryl(N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitrobenzeneamine) 

Nitroaromatics 

TNB (Trinitrobenzenes) 

Nitrocellulose 

TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene) 


What Are the Treatment Technologies Identified in Table A-3? 

Table A-3 contains information on treatment technologies for remediating brownfields sites. Descriptions of 
these remedial technologies are presented below. 

Air Sparging involves injection of air or oxygen into a contaminated aquifer. Injected air traverses horizontally 
and vertically in channels through the soil column, creating an underground stripper that removes volatile and 
semivolatile organic contaminants by volatilization. The injected air helps to flush the contaminants into the 
unsaturated zone. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) usually is implemented in conjunction with air sparging to remove 
the generated vapor-phase contamination from the vadose zone. Oxygen added to the contaminated groundw ater 
and vadose zone soils also can enhance biodegradation of contaminants below and abov e the water table. 


• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-15 













ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Bioremediation involves use of microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in soil, sludge, solids, and 
groundwater either in situ or ex situ. It can also be used to make metals or metalloids less toxic or mobile. When 
organic contaminants are being treated, the microorganisms break down contaminants by using them as a food source 
by cometabolizing them with a food source. Aerobic processes require an oxygen source, and the end products 
typically are carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic processes are conducted in the absence of oxygen, and the end 
products can include methane, hydrogen gas, sulfide, elemental sulfur, and nitrogen gas. Ex situ bioremediation 
technologies for groundwater typically involve treating extracted groundwater in a bioreactor or constructed wetland. 
In situ techniques stimulate and create a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow and use contaminants as 
a food and energy source or to cometabolize them. Generally this process involves providing some combination of 
oxygen, nutrients, and moisture and controlling the temperature and pH. Microorganisms that have been adapted for 
degradation of specific contaminants are sometimes applied to enhance the process. For treatment of metals and 
metalloids, the process involves biological activity that promotes formation of less toxic or mobile species by creating 
ambient conditions that will cause such species to form or by acting directly on the contaminant. The treatment may 
result in oxidation, reduction, precipitation, coprecipitation, or another transformation of the contaminant. 

Chemical treatment, also known as chemical reduction/oxidation (redox), typically involves redox reactions 
that chemically convert hazardous contaminants into compounds that are nonhazardous, less toxic, more 
stable, less mobile, or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. 
Specifically, one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one reactant is reduced (gains electrons). The 
oxidizing agents used for treatment of hazardous contaminants in soil include ozone, hydrogen peroxide, 
hypochlorites, potassium permanganate, Fenton's reagent (hydrogen peroxide and iron), chlorine, and chlorine 
dioxide. This method may be applied in situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids and may 
also be applied to groundwater in situ or ex situ chemical treatment using pump and treat technology. 

Chemical treatment may also include use of ultraviolet (UV) light in a process known as UV oxidation. 

Electrokinetics is based on the theory that a low-density current will mobilize contaminants in the form of 
charged species. A current passed between electrodes is intended to cause aqueous media, ions, and 
particulates to move through soil, waste, and water. Contaminants arriving at the electrodes can be removed by 
means of electroplating or electrodeposition, precipitation or coprecipitation, adsorption, complexing with ion 
exchange resins, or pumping of water (or other fluid) near the electrodes. 

For Flushing, a solution of water, surfactants, or cosolvents is applied to soil or injected into the subsurface to treat 
contaminated soil or groundwater. When soil is being treated, injection is often designed to raise the water table into 
the contaminated soil zone. Injected water and treatment agents are recovered together with flushed contaminants. 

Both on-site and off-site Incineration involves use of high temperatures (870 to 1,200°C or 1,600 to 2,200°F) to 
volatilize and combust (in the presence of oxygen) organics in hazardous wastes. Auxiliary fuels are often used 
to initiate and sustain combustion. The destruction and removal efficiency of properly operated incinerators 
exceeds the 99.99 percent requirement for hazardous waste and can meet the 99.9999 percent requirement for 
PCBs and dioxins. Off-gases and combustion residuals generally require treatment. On-site incineration is 
typically a transportable unit; for off-site incineration, waste is transported to a central facility. 

For In-well air stripping, air is injected into a double-screened well, causing the VOCs in the contaminated 
groundwater to be transferred from the dissolved phase to the vapor phase in air bubbles. As the air bubbles 
rise to the surface of the water, the vapors are drawn off and treated by a SVE system. 

Mechanical soil aeration involves agitation of contaminated soil by using tilling or other means to volatilize 
contaminants. 

Multi-phase extraction involves use of a vacuum system to remove various combinations of contaminated 
groundwater, separate-phase petroleum product, and vapors from the subsurface. The system typically lowers 
the water table around a well, exposing more of the formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed vadose zone 
are then accessible for vapor extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors or liquid-phase organics and 
groundwater are separated and treated. 

Open bum (OB) and Open detonation (OD) operations are conducted to destroy excess, obsolete, or unserviceable 
(EOU) munitions and other items containing explosives, propellants, and other energetic materials. In OB 


A-16 





ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


operations, materials are destroyed by self-sustained combustion, which is ignited by an external source, such as a 
flame, heat, or a detonation wave. In OD operations, materials are destroyed by detonation, which generally is 
initiated by an energetic charge. 

Permeable reactive barriers, also known as passive treatment walls, are installed across the flow path of a 
contaminated groundwater plume, allowing the water portion of the plume to flow through the wall. These 
barriers allow passage of water while prohibiting movement of contaminants by means of treatment agents 
within the wall such as zero-valent metals (usually zero-valent iron), chelators, sorbents, compost, and 
microbes. The contaminants are either degraded or retained in a concentrated form by the barrier material, 
which may need to be replaced periodically. 

Physical separation processes use physical properties to separate contaminated and uncontaminated media or 
to separate different types of media. For example, different-sized sieves and screens can be used to separate 
contaminated soil from relatively uncontaminated debris. Another application of physical separation is 
dewatering of sediments or sludge. 

Phytoremediation is a process in which plants are used to remove, transfer, stabilize, or destroy contaminants in 
soil, sediment, or groundwater. The mechanisms of phytoremediation include enhanced rhizosphere 
biodegradation (which takes place in soil or groundwater immediately around plant roots), phytoextraction (also 
known as phytoaccumulation, the uptake of contaminants by plant roots and the translocation and accumulation 
of contaminants into plant shoots and leaves), phytodegradation (metabolism of contaminants within plant 
tissues), and phytostabilization (production of chemical compounds by plants to immobilize contaminants at the 
interface of roots and soil). The term phytoremediation applies to all biological, chemical, and physical processes 
that are influenced by plants (including the rhizosphere) and that aid in the cleanup of contaminated substances. 
Phytoremediation may be applied in situ or ex situ to soils, sludges, sediments, other solids, or groundwater. 

Pump and treat involves extraction of groundwater from an aquifer and treatment of the water above the 
ground. The extraction step is usually conducted by pumping groundwater from a well or trench. The 
treatment step can involve a variety of technologies such as adsorption, air stripping, bioremediation, chemical 
treatment, filtration, ion exchange, metal precipitation, and membrane filtration. 

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is used to remediate unsaturated (vadose) zone soil. A vacuum is applied to the soil 
in order to induce a controlled flow of air and remove volatile and some semivolatile organic contaminants from 
the soil. SVE usually is performed in situ; however, in some cases, it can be used as an ex situ technology. 

For Soil washing, contaminants sorbed onto fine soil particles are separated from bulk soil in a water-based system 
based on particle size. The wash water may be augmented with a basic leaching agent, surfactant, or chelating 
agent or by adjustment of pH to help remove contaminants. Soils and wash water are mixed ex situ in a tank or 
other treatment unit. The wash water and various soil fractions are usually separated by means of gravity settling. 

Solidification/stabilization (S/S) reduces the mobility of hazardous substances and contaminants in the 
environment through both physical and chemical means. The S/S process physically binds or encloses 
contaminants within a stabilized mass. S/S can be performed both ex situ and in situ. Ex situ S/S requires 
excavation of the material to be treated, and the treated material must be disposed of. In situ S/S involves use of 
auger or caisson systems and injector head systems to add binders to contaminated soil or waste without 
excavation, and the treated material is left in place. 

Solvent extraction involves use of an organic solvent as an extractant to separate contaminants from soil. The 
organic solvent is mixed with contaminated soil in an extraction unit. The extracted solution is then passed 
through a separator, where the contaminants and extractant are separated from the soil. 

For Thermal desorption, wastes are heated so that organic contaminants and water volatilize. Typically a 
carrier gas or vacuum system transports the volatilized organics and water to a gas treatment system, usually a 
thermal oxidation or recovery system. Based on the operating temperature of the desorber, thermal desorption 
processes can be categorized in two groups: high-temperature thermal desorption (320 to 560°C or 600 to 
1,000°F) and low-temperature thermal desorption (90 to 320°C or 200 to 600°F). Thermal desorption is an ex situ 
treatment process. In situ thermal treatment is discussed below. 


• APPENDIX A: GUIDE TO CONTAMINANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES 


A-17 






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In situ thermal treatment is an in situ treatment process that uses heat to facilitate contaminant extraction 
through volatilization and other mechanisms or to destroy contaminants in situ. Volatilized contaminants are 
typically removed from the vadose zone using SVE. Specific types of in situ thermal treatment include 
conductive heating, electrical resistive heating, radio frequency heating, hot air injection, hot water injection, 
and steam-enhanced extraction. In situ thermal treatment is usually applied to a contaminated source area but 
may also be applied to a groundwater plume. 

Vitrification involves use of an electric current to melt contaminated soil at elevated temperatures (1,600 to 
2,000°C or 2,900 to 3,650°F). Upon cooling, the vitrification product is a chemically stable, leach-resistant, glass 
and crystalline material similar to obsidian or basalt rock. The high-temperature component of the process 
destroys or removes organic materials. Radionuclides and heavy metals are retained within the vitrified 
product. Vitrification may be conducted in situ or ex situ. 


A-18 





APPENDIX B 



















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Appendix B 

LIST OF ACRONYMS and GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


Mg/L 

Microgram per Liter 

ABA 

American Bar Association 

AFCEE 

Air Force Center for Environmental 
Excellence 

A HERA 

Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 

ANL 

Argonne National Laboratory 

ASAP 

Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program 

ASC 

Accelerated Site Characterization 

ASHAA 

Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act 

ASMARA 

Asbestos School Hazard Abatement 
Reauthorization Act 

ASTM 

American Society for Testing and Materials 

BRAC 

Base Realignment and Closure 

BTEX 

Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and 
Xylene 

BTSC 

Brownfields and Land Revitalization 
Technology Support Center 

BV 

Bioventing 

CAA 

Clean Air Act 

CAP 

Corrective Action Plan 

CCL 

4 

Carbon Tetrachloride 

CEC 

CERCLA Education Center 

CERCLA 

Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
Compensation, and Liability Act 

CERCLIS 

Comprehensive Environmental 

Response, Compensation, and Liability 
Information System 

CLU-IN 

EPA Hazardous Waste Clean-up 
Information Web Site 

COR 

Close-Out Report 

CSM 

Conceptual Site Model 

CWA 

Clean Water Act 

DNAPL 

Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid 

DoD 

Department of Defense 

DOE 

Department of Energy 

DOI 

Department of Interior 

DQO 

Data Quality Objective 

DSS 

Decision Support Software 

EAD 

Environmental Assessment Division 

ECOS 

Environmental Council of the States 

EDOCKET 

EPA's Online Public Access and Comment 
System 

EISB 

Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation 

ELI 

Environmental Law Institute 

EPA 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

EPA REACH IT 

EPA REmediation And CHaracterization 
Innovative Technologies Online 
Searchable Database 

EPCRA 

Emergency Planning and Community 
Right-to-Know Act 


ERIS 

Environmental Research Institute of the 
States 

ESC 

Expedited Site Characterization 

ESD 

Environmental Sciences Division 

EST 

Eastern Standard Time 

ESTCP 

Environmental Security Technology 
Certification Program 

IT 

Evapotranspiration 

ETV 

Environmental Technology Verification 

FATE 

EPA Field Analytic Technologies 
Encyclopedia 

FDIC 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 

FRTR 

Federal Remediation Technologies 
Roundtable 

FY 

Fiscal Year 

GAC 

Granular Activated Carbon 

GC/MS 

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 

GNET 

Global Network of Environment and 
Technology 

GWRTAC 

Ground-Water Remediation Technologies 
Analysis Center 

HRS 

Hazard Ranking System 

HSRC 

Hazardous Substance Research Center 

HTRW-CX 

Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste 
Center of Expertise 

ICMA 

International City/County Management 
Association 

ICTS 

Institutional Controls Tracking System 

IDC 

Interagency DNAPL Consortium 

IINERT 

In-Place Inactivation and Natural 
Ecological Restoration Technologies 

ISB 

In Situ Bioremediation 

ISBN 

International Standard Book Number 

ISO 

In Situ Oxidation 

ITRC 

Interstate Technology and Regulatory 
Council 

LNAPL 

Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid 

LTM 

Long-Term Monitoring 

LUST 

Leaking Underground Storage Tank 

MCL 

Maximum Contaminant Level 

MCX 

Mandatory Center of Expertise 

MGP 

Manufactured Gas Plant 

MNA 

Monitored Natural Attenuation 

MPE 

Multi-Phase Extraction 

MSL 

Mine-Scarred Land 

MtBE 

Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether 

NAPL 

Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid 

NAS 

Naval Air Station 

NASA 

National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration 


• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


NATO/CCMS 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization/ 

RTDF 

Remedial Technology Development 


Committee on the Challenges of Modern 


Forum 


Society 

SAP 

Sampling and Analysis Plan 

NERL 

National Exposure Research Laboratory 

SCAPS 

Site Characterization and Analysis 

NETTS 

National Environmental Technology Test 


Penetrometer System 


Sites 

SCM 

Sampling, Characterization and 

NEWMOA 

Northeast Waste Management Officials' 


Monitoring 


Association 

SCRD 

State Coalition for Remediation of 

NFESC 

Naval Facilities Engineering Sendee Center 


Drycleaners 

NPDES 

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination 

SEAR 

Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation 


System 

SenTIX 

Sensor Technology Information Exchange 

NPL 

National Priorities List 

SERDP 

Strategic Environmental Research and 

NPV 

Net Present Value 


Development Program 

NSB 

Naval Submarine Base 

SITE 

Superfund Innovative Technology 

NSCEP 

National Service Center for 


Evaluation 


Environmental Publications 

SMARTe 

Sustainable Management Approaches 

OB 

Open Burn 


and Revitalization Tools electronic 

OD 

Open Detonation 

SOP 

Standard Operating Procedure 

OECA 

Office of Enforcement and Compliance 

SPCC 

Spill Prevention, Control, and 


Assurance 


Countermeasures 

OERR 

Office of Emergency and Remedial 

SRI 

Superfund Redevelopment Initiative 


Response 

S/S 

Solidification/Stabilization 

ORD 

Office of Research and Development 

SSEB 

Southern States Energy Board 

ORP 

Office of Radiation Programs 

SVE 

Soil Vapor Extraction 

OSRTI 

Office of Superfund Remediation and 

SVOC 

Semivolatile Organic Compound 


Technology Innovation 

TAB 

Technical Assistance to Brownfields 

OSW 

Office of Solid Waste 


Communities 

OSWER 

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency 

TBA 

Targeted Brownfields Assessments 


Response 

TCE 

Trichloroethene or Trichloroethylene 

OUST 

Office of Underground Storage Tanks 

TOSC 

Technical Outreach Services for 

P&T 

Pump and Treat 


Communities 

PAC 

Powdered Activated Carbon 

TOSNAC 

Technical Outreach Services for Native 

PAH 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon 


American Communities 

PBMS 

Performance-Based Measurement System 

TPH 

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 

PCB 

Polychlorinated Biphenyl 

TRAINEX 

Training Exchange 

PCE 

Tetrachloroethene 

TSCA 

Toxic Substances Control Act 

PCP 

Pentachlorophenol 

TSE 

Targeted Site Efforts 

PCR 

Polymerase Chain Reaction 

TSP 

Technical Support Project 

PDF 

Portable Document Format 

UIC 

Underground Injection Control 

POTW 

Publicly Owned Treatment Works 

USACE 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

PRB 

Permeable Reactive Barrier 

UST 

Underground Storage Tank 

PRP 

Potentially Responsible Party 

UV 

Ultraviolet 

QA 

Quality Assurance 

UXO 

Unexploded Ordnance 

QC 

Quality Control 

VCP 

Voluntary Cleanup Program 

RAO 

Remedial Action Optimization 

VEB 

Vertical Engineered Barrier 

RBCA 

Risk-Based Corrective Action 

VOC 

Volatile Organic Compound 

RCRA 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 

WGA 

Western Governors' Association 

redox 

Reduction/ Oxidation 



RFP 

Request for Proposal 



RfR 

Ready for Reuse 



ROD 

Record of Decision 



RPM 

Remedial Project Manager 



RPO 

Remedial Process Optimization 



RSE 

Remedial System Evaluation 




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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Following is a list of specialized terms that pertain to the cleanup of brownfields sites. 


Adsorption 

Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid, 
or dissolved solids to a surface. The term also refers to 
a method of treating wastes in which activated carbon 
is used to remove organic compounds from 
wastewater. See also Carbon Adsorption. 

Air Sparging 

In air sparging, air is injected into the ground below a 
contaminated area, forming bubbles that rise and 
carry trapped and dissolved contaminants to the 
surface. Air sparging is often used in conjunction 
with soil vapor extraction systems. See also Soil Vapor 
Extraction. 

AirStripping 

Air stripping is a treatment technology that removes or 
"strips" volatile organic compounds (VOC) from 
contaminated groundwater or surface water. As air is 
forced through the water, VOCs are volatilized. See 
also Volatile Organic Compound. 

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 

ASTM sets standards for many services, including 
methods of sampling and testing of hazardous waste 
and media contaminated with hazardous waste. 

Aquifer 

An aquifer is an underground rock formation 
composed of such materials as sand, soil, or gravel 
that can store groundwater and supply it to wells and 
springs. 

Aromatics 

Aromatics are organic compounds that contain 6- 
carbon ring structures, such as creosote, toluene, and 
phenol, that often are found at dry cleaning and 
electronic assembly sites. 

Baseline Risk Assessment 

A baseline risk assessment is an assessment 
conducted before cleanup activities begin at a site to 
identify and evaluate the threat to human health and 
the environment. After remediation has been 
completed, the information obtained during a baseline 
risk assessment can be used to determine whether the 
cleanup levels were reached. 

Bedrock 

Bedrock is the rock that underlies the soil; it can be 
permeable or non-permeable. See also Creosote. 


Biopile 

Biopile is an aerated static pile composting process in 
which soil is mixed with amendments on a treatment 
area that includes leachate collection systems and 
aeration with blowers or vacuum pumps. It is used to 
reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents 
through the use of biodegradation. Moisture, heat, 
nutrients, oxygen, and pH can be controlled to 
enhance biodegradation. 

Bioreactor 

Bioreactors use microorganisms in attached or 
suspended biological systems to degrade contaminants 
in water. In suspended biological systems, such as 
activated sludge, fluidized beds, or sequencing batch 
reactors, contaminated water is circulated in an aeration 
basin where microbes aerobically degrade organic matter 
and produce carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. In 
attached systems, such as rotating biological contactors 
and trickling filters, a microbial population is 
established on an inert support matrix. The cells form a 
sludge, which is settled out in a clarifier and is recycled 
to the aeration basin and disposed of. 

Bioremediation 

Bioremediation refers to treatment processes that use 
microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break 
down hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic 
substances. Bioremediation can be used to clean up 
contaminated soil and water. In situ bioremediation treats 
contaminated soil or groundwater in the location in 
which it is found. For ex situ bioremediation processes, 
contaminated soil is excavated or groundwater is pumped 
to the surface before they can be treated. 

Biosensor 

A biosensor is a portable device that uses living 
organisms, such as microbes, or parts and products of 
living organisms, such as enzymes, tissues, and 
anitbodies, to produce reactions to specific chemical 
contaminants. 


Bioslurping 

Bioslurping is the adaptation of vacuum-enhanced 
dewatering technologies to remediate hydrocarbon- 
contaminated sites. Bioslurping combines elements of 
both bioventing and free-product recovery to 
simultaneously recover free product and bioremediate 
soils in the vadose zone. Bioventing stimulates the aerobic 
bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and 
vacuum-enhanced free-product recovery extracts light 
nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) from the capillary 
fringe and the water table. See also Vadose Zone. 


* APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


B-3 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Bioventing 

Bioventing is an in situ remediation technology that 
stimulates the natural biodegradation of aerobically 
degradable compounds in soil by the injection of 
oxygen into the subsurface. Bioventing has been used 
to remediate releases of petroleum products, such as 
gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, and diesel fuel. See also 
Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction. 

Brownfields 

Brownfields sites are abandoned, idled, or under-used 
industrial and commercial facilities where expansion 
or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived 
environmental contamination. 

Brownfields Cleanup Grants 

Brownfields Cleanup Grants provide direct funding 
for cleanup activities at certain properties with 
planned green space, recreational, or other nonprofit 
uses. 

Brownfields Job Training Grants 

Brownfields Job Training Grants provide funding for 
environmental training for residents of brownfields 
communities. 

Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund Grants 

Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund Grants provide 
funding to capitalize loans that are used to clean up 
brownfields sites. 

BTEX 

BTEX is the term used for benzene, toluene, 
ethylbenzene, and xylene, which are volatile aromatic 
compounds typically found in petroleum products 
such as gasoline and diesel fuel. 

Carbon Adsorption 

Carbon adsorption is a remediation technology that 
removes contaminants from air or water through 
physical adsorption into the carbon grain. Carbon is 
"activated" to improve adsorption through a process 
that creates porous particles that have large internal 
surface areas. A number of commercial grades of 
activated carbon are available to meet the 
requirements of specific applications. 

Carbon Tetrachloride 

Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless, highly volatile 
liquid that has a strong ethereal odor similar to that of 
chloroform. It mixes sparingly with water and, when 
heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of 
phosgene. Carbon tetrachloride is used primarily as a 
chemical intermediate in the production of the 
refrigerants Freon 11 and 12. It also has been used as 


a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations 
and as an industrial solvent in the manufacture of 
cables and semiconductors. 

Chemical Dehalogenation 

Chemical dehalogenation is a chemical process that 
removes halogens (usually chlorine) from a chemical 
contaminant, rendering the contaminant less 
hazardous. The chemical dehalogenation process can 
be applied to common halogenated contaminants such 
as PCBs and dioxins, which may be present in soil and 
oils. Dehalogenation can be effective in removing 
halogens from hazardous organic compounds, such as 
dioxins. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB), and certain 
chlorinated pesticides. The treatment time is short, 
energy requirements are moderate, and operation and 
maintenance costs are relatively low. This technology 
can be brought to the site, eliminating the need to 
transport hazardous wastes. See also Polychlorinated 
Biphenyl and Dioxin. 

Chemical Reduction/Oxidation 

Chemical treatments typically involve chemical 
reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions that chemically 
convert hazardous contaminants to nonhazardous or 
less toxic compounds that are more stable, less mobile, 
or inert. Redox reactions involve the transfer of 
electrons from one compound to another. Specifically, 
one reactant is oxidized (loses electrons) and one is 
reduced (gains electrons). The oxidizing agents most 
commonly used for treatment of hazardous 
contaminants are ozone, hydrogen peroxide, 
hypochlorites, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide. In 
cyanide oxidation, organic cyanides are oxidized to 
less hazardous compounds through chemical 
reactions. This method can be applied in situ or ex situ 
to soils, sludges, sediments, and other solids and also 
can be applied for the in situ treatment of groundwater. 

Clean Air Act (CAA) 

The CAA is a federal law passed in 1970 that requires 
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to 
establish regulations to control the release of 
contaminants to the air to protect human health and 
environment. 

Clean Water Act (CWA) 

The CWA is a 1977 amendment to the Federal Water 
Pollution Control Act of 1972, which set the basic 
structure for regulating discharges of pollutants to 
U.S. waters. This law gave EPA the authority to set 
wastewater discharge standards on an industry-by- 
industry basis and to set water quality standards for 
all contaminants in surface waters. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Cleanup 

Cleanup is the term used for actions taken to deal with 
a release or threat of release of a hazardous substance 
that could affect humans and or the environment. The 
term sometimes is used interchangeably with the 
terms remedial action, removal action, response 
action, or corrective action. 

Colorimetric 

Colorimetric refers to chemical reaction-based indicators 
that are used to produce reactions to individual, or 
classes of compounds. The reactions, such as visible 
color changes or other easily noted indications, are used 
to detect and quantify contaminants. 

Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 

CERCLA is a federal law passed in 1980 that created 
a special tax that funds a trust fund, commonly 
known as Superfund, to be used to investigate and 
clean up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous 
waste sites. CERCLA required for the first time that 
EPA step beyond its traditional regulatory role and 
provide response authority to clean up hazardous 
waste sites. EPA has primary responsibility for 
managing cleanup and enforcement activities 
authorized under CERCLA. Under the program, EPA 
can pay for cleanup when parties responsible for the 
contamination cannot be located or are unwilling or 
unable to perform the work, or take legal action to 
force parties responsible for contamination to clean 
up the site or reimburse the federal government for 
the cost of the cleanup. See also Superfund. 

Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
Compensation, and Liability Information System 
(CERCLIS) 

CERCLIS is a database that serves as the official 
inventory of Superfund hazardous waste sites. CERCLIS 
also contains information about all aspects of hazardous 
waste sites, from initial discovery to deletion from the 
NPL. The database also maintains information about 
planned and actual site activities and financial 
information entered by EPA regional offices. CERCLIS 
records the targets and accomplishments of the 
Superfund program and is used to report that 
information to the EPA Administrator, Congress, and the 
public. See also National Priorities List and Superfund. 

Conceptual Site Model (CSM) 

A CSM, a key element used in facilitating cleanup 
decisions during a site investigation, is a planning tool 
that organizes information that already is known about 
a site and identifies the additional information necessary 
to support decisions that will achieve the goals of the 


project. The project team then uses the CSM to direct 
field work that focuses on the information needed to 
remove significant unknowns from the model. The CSM 
serves several purposes - as a planning instrument; as a 
modeling and data interpretation tool; and as a means of 
communication among members of a project team, 
decision-makers, stakeholders, and field personnel. 

Cone Penetrometer 

The cone penetrometer is a truck-mounted device that 
rapidly penetrates the ground to collect samples. It 
has been used for approximately the last 50 years for 
geotechnical applications, but its use for site 
characterization is relatively new. 

Contaminant 

A contaminant is any physical, chemical, biological, 
or radiological substance or matter present in any 
media at concentrations that may pose a threat to 
human health or the environment. 

Corrosivity 

Corrosive wastes include those that are extremely 
acidic or alkaline and capable of corroding metal such 
as tanks, containers, drums, and barrels. 

Creosote 

Creosote is an oily liquid obtained by the distillation of 
wood that is used as a wood preservative and 
disinfectant and often is found at wood preserving sites. 
See also Aromatics and Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid. 

Data Quality 

The term data quality refers to all features and 
characteristics of data that bear on its ability to meet the 
stated or implied needs and expectations of the user. 

Data Quality Objective (DQO) 

DQOs are qualitative and quantitative statements 
specified to ensure that data of known and appropriate 
quality are obtained. The DQO process is a series of 
planning steps, typically conducted during site 
assessment and investigation, that is designed to ensure 
that the type, quantity, and quality of environmental data 
used in decision making are appropriate. The DQO 
process involves a logical, step-by-step procedure for 
determining which of the complex issues affecting a site 
are the most relevant to planning a site investigation 
before any data are collected. 

Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) 

A DNAPL is one of a group of organic substances that 
are relatively insoluble in water and more dense than 
water. DNAPLs tend to sink vertically through sand 
and gravel aquifers to the underlying layer. 


• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


B-5 




ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Detection Limit 

The lowest concentration of a chemical that can be 
distinguished reliably from a zero concentration. 

Dioxin 

A dioxin is any of a family of compounds known 
chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. They are chemicals 
released during combustion. Concern about them 
arises from their potential toxicity and the risk posed 
by contamination in commercial products. Boilers 
and industrial furnaces are among the sources of 
dioxins. 

Disposal 

Disposal is the final placement or destruction of toxic, 
radioactive or other wastes; surplus or banned 
pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and 
drums containing hazardous materials from removal 
actions or accidental release. Disposal may be 
accomplished through the use of approved secure 
landfills, surface impoundments, land farming, deep 
well injection, or ocean dumping. 

Dual-Phase Extraction 

Dual-phase extraction, also known as multi-phase 
extraction, is a technology that uses a vacuum system 
to remove various combinations of contaminated 
groundwater, separate-phase petroleum product, and 
vapors from the subsurface. The system lowers the 
water table around a well, exposing more of the 
formation. Contaminants in the newly exposed 
vadose zone then are accessible to soil vapor 
extraction. Once above ground, the extracted vapors 
or liquid-phase organics and groundwater are 
separated and treated. See also Soil Vapor Extraction. 

Dynamic Underground Stripping 

Dynamic underground stripping is a process that 
employs vapor extraction during underground 
steaming and electrical heating. The heat, supplied by 
steam and electricity, vaporizes contaminants trapped 
in the soil. Once vaporized, the contaminants are 
removed by vacuum extraction. The process is 
monitored and guided by underground imaging. 

Dynamic Work Plan 

A dynamic work plan is a work plan that allows 
project teams to make decisions in the field about how 
site activities will progress. Dynamic work plans 
provide the strategy for the way in which dynamic 
field activities will take place. As such, they document 
a flexible, adaptive sampling and analytical strategy. 
Dynamic work plans are supported by the rapid 
turnaround of data collected, analyzed, and 
interpreted in the field. 


Easement 

An easement is a right to use the land of another for a 
specific purpose, such as a right-of-way or a utility. 

Emergency Removal 

An emergency removal is an action initiated in 
response to a release of a hazardous substance that 
requires on-site activity within hours of a 
determination that action is appropriate. 

Emerging Technology 

An emerging technology is an innovative technology 
that currently is undergoing bench-scale testing. 
During bench-scale testing, a small version of the 
technology is built and tested in a laboratory. If the 
technology is successful during bench-scale testing, 
it is demonstrated on a small scale at field sites. If 
the technology is successful at the field 
demonstrations, it often will be used full scale at 
contaminated waste sites. As the technology is used 
and evaluated at different sites, it is improved 
continually. See also Established Technology and 
Innovative Technology. 

Environmental Audit 

An environmental audit usually refers to a review or 
investigation that determines whether an operating 
facility is in compliance with relevant environmental 
regulations. The audit may include checks for 
possession of required permits, operation within 
permit limits, proper reporting, and record keeping. 
The typical result is a corrective action or compliance 
plan for the facility. 

Environmental Risk 

Environmental risk is the chance that human health or 
the environment will suffer harm as the result of the 
presence of environmental hazards. 

Established Technology 

An established technology is a technology for which 
cost and performance information is readily available. 
Only after a technology has been used at many 
different sites and the results fully documented is that 
technology considered established. The most 
frequently used established technologies are 
incineration, solidification and stabilization, and 
pump-and-treat technologies for groundwater. See also 
Emerging Technology and Innovative Technology. 

Ex Situ 

The term ex situ, or “moved from its original place," 
means excavated or removed. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Ex Situ Bioremediation 

Ex situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to 
degrade organic contaminants in excavated soil, 
sludge, and solids. The microorganisms break down 
contaminants by using them as a food source. The 
end products typically are carbon dioxide and water. 
Ex situ bioremediation includes slurry-phase 
bioremediation, in which the soils are mixed with 
water to form a slurry to keep solids suspended and 
microorganisms in contact with the soil contaminants; 
and solid-phase bioremediation, in which the soils are 
placed in a cell or building and tilled with added 
water and nutrients. Land farming and composting 
are types of solid-phase bioremediation. 

Exposure Pathway 

An exposure pathway is the route of contaminants 
from the source of contamination to potential contact 
with a medium (air, soil, surface water, or 
groundwater) that represents a potential threat to 
human health or the environment. Determining 
whether exposure pathways exist is an essential step 
in conducting a baseline risk assessment. See also 
Baseline Risk Assessment. 

Filtration 

Filtration is a treatment process that removes solid 
matter from water by passing the water through a 
porous medium, such as sand or a manufactured filter. 

Gas Chromatography 

Gas chromatography is a technology used for 
investigating and assessing soil, water, and soil gas 
contamination at a site. It is used for analysis for 
VOCs and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC). 
The technique identifies and quantifies organic 
compounds on the basis of molecular weight, 
characteristic fragmentation patterns, and retention 
time. Recent advances in gas chromatography that are 
considered innovative are portable, weather-proof 
units that have self-contained power supplies. 

Groundwater 

Groundwater is the water found beneath the earth s 
surface that fills pores between such materials as 
sand, soil, or gravel and that often supplies wells and 
springs. See also Aquifer. 

Halogenated Organic Compound 

A halogenated organic compound is a compound 
containing molecules of chlorine, bromine iodine, and 
fluorine. Halogenated organic compounds were used 
in high-voltage electrical transformers because they 
conduct heat well, are fire resistant, and are good 
electrical insulators. Many herbicides, pesticides, and 


degreasing agents are made from halogenated organic 
compounds. 

Hazard Ranking System (HRS) 

The HRS is the primary screening tool used by EPA to 
assess the risks posed to human health or the 
environment by abandoned or uncontrolled 
hazardous waste sites. Under the HRS, sites are 
assigned scores on the basis of the toxicity of 
hazardous substances that are present and the 
potential that those substances will spread through 
the air, surface, water, or groundwater, taking into 
account such factors as the proximity of the substance 
to nearby populations. Scores are used in determining 
which sites should be placed on the NPL. See also 
National Priorities List. 

Hazardous Substance 

As defined under CERCLA, a hazardous substance is 
any material that poses a threat to public health or the 
environment. The term also refers to hazardous 
wastes as defined under Resource Conservation and 
Recovery Act (RCRA). Typical hazardous substances 
are materials that are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, 
explosive, or chemically reactive. If a certain quantity 
of a hazardous substance, as established by EPA, is 
spilled into the water or otherwise emitted into the 
environment, the release must be reported. Under the 
legislation cited above, the term excludes petroleum, 
crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids, or synthetic 
gas usable for fuel. 

Heavy Metal 

The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals 
including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, 
silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at 
industrial sites at which operations have included 
battery recycling and metal plating. 

Hydrocarbon 

A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing 
only hydrogen and carbon, often occurring in 
petroleum, natural gas, and coal. 

Hydrogeology 

Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater, including 
its origin, occurrence, movement, and quality. 

Hyperaccumulator 

A hyperaccumulator is a metallophyte that 
accumulates an exceptionally high level of a metal to a 
specified concentration or to a specified multiple of the 
concentration found in nonaccumulators. The term is 
used in reference to plants used in Phytoremediation. 
See also Phytoremediation. 


• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Ignitability 

Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain 
conditions. Examples include liquids, such as solvents 
that readily catch fire, and friction-sensitive substances. 

Immunoassay 

Immunoassay is an innovative technology used to 
measure compound-specific reactions (generally 
colorimetric) to individual compounds or classes of 
compounds. The reactions are used to detect and 
quantify contaminants. The technology is available in 
field-portable test kits. 

In Situ 

The term in situ, "in its original place" or "on site," 
means unexcavated and unmoved. In situ soil 
flushing and natural attenuation are examples of in 
situ treatment methods by which contaminated sites 
are treated without digging up or removing the 
contaminants. 

In Situ Bioremediation 

In situ bioremediation techniques stimulate and create 
a favorable environment for microorganisms to grow 
and use contaminants as a food and energy source. 
Generally, this means providing some combination of 
oxygen, nutrients, and moisture, and controlling the 
temperature and pH. Sometimes, microorganisms 
adapted for degradation of the specific contaminants 
are applied to enhance the process. Bioventing is a 
common form of in situ bioremediation. Bioventing 
uses extraction wells to circulate air with or without 
pumping air into the ground. 

In Situ Oxidation 

In situ oxidation is an innovative treatment 
technology that oxidizes contaminants that are 
dissolved in groundwater and converts them into 
insoluble compounds. 

In Situ Soil Flushing 

In situ soil flushing is an innovative treatment 
technology that floods contaminated soils beneath the 
ground surface with a solution that moves the 
contaminants to an area from which they can be 
removed. The technology requires the drilling of 
injection and extraction wells on site and reduces the 
need for excavation, handling, or transportation of 
hazardous substances. Contaminants considered for 
treatment by in situ soil flushing include heavy metals 
(such as lead, copper, and zinc), halogenated organic 
compounds, aromatics, and PCBs. See also Aromatics , 
Halogenated Organic Compound, Heavy Metal, and 
Polychlorinated Bipheiiyl. 


In Situ Thermal Treatment 

In situ thermal treatment is a treatment process that 
involves heating contaminated soil in place to 
vaporize organic contaminants in the soil. The 
surface area to be treated is usually covered with 
silicone rubber mats to provide insulation and to form 
a vapor barrier. 

In Situ Vitrification 

In situ vitrification is a soil treatment technology that 
stabilizes metal and other inorganic contaminants in 
place at temperatures of approximately 3,000°F. Soils 
and sludges are fused to form a stable glass and 
crystalline structure with very low leaching 
characteristics. 

Incineration 

Incineration is a treatment technology that involves 
the burning of certain types of solid, liquid, or gaseous 
materials under controlled conditions to destroy 
hazardous waste. 

Infill Development 

Infill development is new construction on previously 
developed land in cities or developed suburbs. The 
term often refers to redevelopment of small residential, 
commercial, or industrial properties. An important 
aspect of many infill development projects is the 
enhancement of the built environment with open 
space and parks. 

Innovative Technology 

An innovative technology is a process that has been 
tested and used as a treatment for hazardous waste or 
other contaminated materials, but lacks a long history 
of full-scale use and information about its cost and how 
well it works sufficient to support prediction of its 
performance under a variety of operating conditions. 

An innovative technology is one that is undergoing 
pilot-scale treatability studies that usually are 
conducted in the field or the laboratory and require 
installation of the technology, and provide 
performance, cost, and design objectives for the 
technology. Innovative technologies are being used 
under many federal and state cleanup programs to treat 
hazardous wastes that have been improperly released. 
See also Emerging Technology and Established Technology. 

Inorganic Compound 

An inorganic compound is a compound that generally 
does not contain carbon atoms (although carbonate 
and bicarbonate compounds are notable exceptions) 
and tends to be more soluble in water. Examples of 
inorganic compounds include various acids, 
potassium hydroxide, and metals. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Institutional Controls 

An institutional control is a legal or institutional 
measure which subjects a property owner to limit 
activities at or access to a particular property. They 
are used to ensure protection of human health and the 
environment, and to expedite property reuse. Zoning 
and deed restrictions are examples of institutional 
controls. 

Ion Exchange 

Ion exchange, a common method of softening water, 
depends on the ability of certain materials to remove 
and exchange ions from water. These ion exchange 
materials, generally composed of unsoluble organic 
polymers, are placed in a filtering device. Water 
softening exchange materials remove calcium and 
magnesium ions, replacing them with sodium ions. 

Lampblack 

Lampblack is a finely divided, bulky, black soot, at one 
time the most important black pigment used in the 
manufacture of printing inks. It is one of several gas 
plant residues found at manufactured gas plant 
(MGP) sites. See also Manufactured Gas Plant. 

Landfarming 

Landfarming is the spreading and incorporation of 
wastes into the soil to initiate biological treatment. 

Landfill 

A sanitary landfill is a land disposal site for 
nonhazardous solid wastes at which the waste is spread 
in layers compacted to the smallest practical volume. 

Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone Penetrometer 

Laser-induced fluorescence/cone penetrometer is a field 
screening method that couples a fiber optic-based 
chemical sensor system to a cone penetrometer mounted 
on a truck. The technology can be used for investigating 
and assessing soil and water contamination. 

Land Revitalization Initiative 

The Land Revitalization Initiative was undertaken by 
EPA in partnership with states, tribes, territories, and 
a broad range of stakeholders to restore land to 
productive economic and green space uses. In April 
2003, EPA announced the Land Revitalization 
Agenda to incorporate land reuse into the RCRA, 
brownfields, and underground storage tank (UST) 
hazardous waste cleanup programs. 

Leachate 

A leachate is a contaminated liquid that results when 
water collects contaminants as it trickles through 


wastes, agricultural pesticides, or fertilizers. Leaching 
may occur in farming areas and landfills and may be a 
means of the entry of hazardous substances into soil, 
surface water, or groundwater. 

Lead 

Lead is a heavy metal that has been used in the 
manufacture of gasoline, paints, and other substances. 
See also Heavy Metal. 

Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) 

An LNAPL is one of a group of organic substances 
that are relatively insoluble in water and are less 
dense than water. LNAPLs, such as oil, tend to 
spread across the surface of the water table and form a 
layer on top of the water table. 

Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) 

LTM typically is performed to verify that 
contaminants at a site pose no risk to human health 
or the environment and that natural processes are 
reducing contaminant levels and risk as predicted. 

Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) 

MGPs were operated nationwide from the early 1880s 
through the mid-1900s. MGPs produced gas from coal 
or oil for lighting, heating, and cooking. The gas 
manufacturing and purification processes conducted 
at the plants yielded residues that included tars, 
sludges, lampblack, light oils, spent oxide wastes, and 
other hydrocarbon products. Although many of the 
byproducts were recycled, excess residues containing 
polycyclic acromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), petroleum 
hydrocarbons, benzene, cyanide, metals, and phenols 
remained at MGP sites. 

Mass Spectrometry 

Mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis 
in which the substance to be analyzed is heated and 
placed in a vacuum. The resulting vapor is exposed 
to a beam of electrons that causes ionization to occur, 
either of the molecules or their fragments. The 
ionized atoms are separated according to their mass 
and can be identified on that basis. 

Medium 

A medium is a specific environment - air, water, or soil 
- that is the subject of regulatory concern and activities. 

Mercury 

Mercury is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the 
environment and is found in thermometers, measuring 
devices, pharmaceutical and agricultural chemicals, 
chemical manufacturing, and electrical equipment. 

See also Heavy Metal. 


• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Methanogenic 

The term methanogenic refers to anaerobic oxidation 
of petroleum hydrocarbons, as well as fermentation of 
hydrocarbons to methane. 

Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether (MtBE) 

MtBE, a synthetic chemical, is a volatile, flammable, 
colorless liquid. MtBE has a relatively high vapor 
pressure and is water soluble to a significant degree. 
MtBE usually is produced in a refinery by mixing a 
feedstock of isobutylene with methanol. The 
isobutylene is derived by steam-cracking during 
production of olefin and fluid-cracking during 
production of gasoline. Concern about them arises 
from its potential contamination of groundwater as a 
result of releases from underground storage tanks of 
gasoline that contains oxygenates. See also Oxygenates. 

Mine-Scarred Lands (MSL) 

MSLs are lands, associated waters, and surrounding 
watersheds where extraction, beneficiation, or 
processing of ores and minerals, including coal, has 
occurred. MSLs have become a persistent problem in 
many communities because of the economic, social, 
and environmental challenges of cleaning up and 
reusing such lands. The Brownfields Law expanded 
the definition of brownfields to include MSLs, making 
these properties eligible for benefits under the 
Brownfields Program. 

Mobile Laboratory 

A mobile laboratory refers to a collection of analytical 
instruments contained in a vehicle that can be 
deployed to a project site. A mobile laboratory offers 
many of the advantages of a fixed laboratory, such as 
protection from the elements, a power supply, and 
climate control, while still providing the advantages of 
analyzing samples on site while the project is in 
progress. A mobile laboratory may even allow the use 
of laboratory-grade instruments which otherwise 
could not be taken into the field. Configurations can 
vary in sophistication from a single instrument 
mounted in a sampling van, to large truck trailers and 
recreational vehicles equipped with multiple 
instruments and laboratory-grade support equipment. 

Monitored Natural Attenuation 

The term MNA refers to the remedial approach that 
allows natural processes to reduce concentrations of 
contaminants to acceptable levels. MNA involves 
physical, chemical, and biological processes that act to 
reduce the mass, toxicity, and mobility of subsurface 
contamination. Physical, chemical, and biological 
processes involved in MNA include biodegradation, 
chemical stabilization, dispersion, sorption, and 
volatilization. 


National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 
(NPDES) 

NPDES is the primary permitting program under the 
Clean Water Act, which regulates all discharges to 
surface water. It prohibits discharge of pollutants into 
waters of the United States unless EPA, a state, or a 
tribal government issues a special permit to do so. 

National Priorities List (NPL) 

The NPL is EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled 
or abandoned hazardous waste sites identified for 
possible long-term remedial response under Superfund. 
Inclusion of a site on the list is based primarily on the 
score the site receives under the Hazard Ranking 
System (HRS). Money from Superfund can be used for 
cleanup only at sites that are on the NPL. EPA is 
required to update the NPL at least once a year. See also 
Hazard Ranking System and Superfund. 

Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL) 

NAPLs are organic substances that are relatively 
insoluble in water. See also Dense Nonaqueous Phase 
Liquid and Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid. 

Organic Chemical or Compound 

An organic chemical or compound is a substance 
produced by animals or plants that contains mainly 
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

Oxygenate 

Oxygenates are chemicals derived from hydrocarbons 
that are added to fuels to increase the oxygen content 
of those fuels to improve combustion, thereby reducing 
emissions, such as carbon monoxide and other 
pollutants. Examples of oxygenates include methyl 
tertiary butyl ether (MtBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether, 
tertiary amyl methyl ether, ethanol, and other ethers 
and alcohols. See also Methyl tertiary Butyl Ether. 

Ozone 

Ozone is a form of oxygen found naturally which 
provides a protective layer in the stratosphere 
shielding the earth from the harmful health effects on 
human health and the environment from ultraviolet 
radiation. Ozone also is a chemical oxidant and a 
major component of smog in the troposphere, the 
earth's atmospheric layer below the stratosphere 
extending 7 to 10 miles from the earth's surface. 

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) 

PCP, a chemical compound containing carbon, 
chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen, is a chemical now 
used primarily as a wood preservative but which was 
previously used as a herbicide, defoliant, algicide, 
fungicide, and disinfectant. 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Performance-Based Measurement System (PBMS) 

EPA defines a PBMS as a set of processes through 
which the data needs or limitations of a program or 
project are specified and serve as criteria for selecting 
appropriate methods to meet those needs in a cost- 
effective manner. EPA uses the term to convey what 
must be accomplished, but not prescriptively how to 
do it. The PBMS initiative places regulatory emphasis 
on obtaining analytical results that provide adequate 
information to support the regulatory decision, but 
leaves the choice of analytical procedures up to the 
user. The PBMS approach gives regulators and 
members of the regulated community increased 
flexibility in selecting technologies, while still meeting 
mandated monitoring requirements. The use of PBMS 
is intended to reduce barriers to the use of new 
monitoring technologies. 

Permeability 

Permeability is a characteristic that represents a 
qualitative description of the relative ease with 
which rock, soil, or sediment will transmit a fluid 
(liquid or gas). 

Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) 

PRBs, also known as passive treatment walls, are 
installed across the flow path of a contaminated 
plume. As groundwater flows through the PRB, 
contaminants are either degraded or retained in a 
concentrated form by the reactive material. Examples 
of reactive media include zero-valent metals, chelators, 
sorbents, and microbes. 

Pesticide 

A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances 
intended to prevent or mitigate infestation by, or 
destroy or repel, any pest. Pesticides can accumulate 
in the food chain and or contaminate the environment 
if misused. 

Phase I Environmental Site Assessment 

Environmental site assessments, or all appropriate 
inquiries, are conducted to evaluate existing 
environmental problems from past operations and 
potential environmental problems from current or 
proposed operations at a site. The practice of 
conducting site assessments is intended to satisfy one 
requirement for obtaining protection from CERCLA 
liability for potential property owners. Most 
environmental site assessments are called Phase I 
assessments because they are conducted in 
conformance with ASTM E1527-00 Standard Practice 
for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase 1 
Environmental Site Assessment Process. Phase I site 
assessments include: 


• An inspection of the property 

• A review of pertinent records for evidence of 
current and past use of the property and adjacent 
properties 

• Interviews with current owners and occupants as 
well as local government officials 

• Evaluation of information gathered and 
development of a report 

• In some cases, samples are collected of building 
materials to determine if PCBs, asbestos, or lead are 
present 

The need for additional sampling to confirm 
contamination or to determine the nature and extent of 
contamination leads into a "Phase II" assessment. 

Phase II Environmental Site Assessment 

Environmental site assessments are conducted to 
evaluate existing environmental problems from past 
operations and potential environmental problems 
from current or proposed operations at a site. The 
primary objective of conducting a Phase II assessment 
is to confirm and evaluate the environmental 
conditions identified in the Phase I environmental site 
assessment or transaction screening process. During 
the Phase II, additional investigation and sampling is 
needed to determine the nature and extent, source, and 
significance of contamination following a Phase I 
environmental assessment for the purpose of 
supporting subsequent cleanup and reuse decisions. 

Phenol 

A phenol is one of a group of organic compounds that 
are byproducts of petroleum refining, tanning, and 
textile, dye, gas, and resin manufacturing. 

Phytoremediation 

Phytoremediation is an innovative treatment 
technology that uses plants and trees to clean up 
contaminated soil and water. Plants can break 
down, or degrade, organic pollutants or stabilize 
metal contaminants by acting as filters or traps. 
Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals, 
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil, 
polyaromatic carbons, and landfill leachates. Its use 
generally is limited to sites at which concentrations 
of contaminants are relatively low and 
contamination is found in shallow soils, streams, 
and groundwater. 

Phytotechnology 

The term phytotechnology refers to technologies that 
use living plants. See also Phytoremediation. 


. APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Phytotoxic 

The term phytotoxic is used to describe a substance 
that is harmful to plants. 

Plume 

A plume is a visible or measurable emission or 
discharge of a contaminant from a given point of 
origin into any medium. The term also is used to refer 
to measurable and potentially harmful radiation 
leaking from a damaged reactor. 

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) 

PCBs are a group of toxic, persistent chemicals 
produced by chlorination of biphenyl that once were 
used in high-voltage electrical transformers because 
they conducted heat well while being fire-resistant 
and good electrical insulators. 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) 

A PAH is a chemical compound that contains more 
than one fused benzene ring. They are commonly 
found in petroleum fuels, coal products, and tar. 

Potassium Permanganate 

Potassium permanganate is a crystalline compound 
that is soluble in water, acetone, and methanol, but is 
decomposed by ethanol. It is used widely as a 
powerful oxidizing agent, as a disinfectant in a variety 
of applications, and as an analytical oxidant reagent 
in redox titrations. 

Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) 

A PRP is an individual or company (such as owners, 
operators, transporters, or generators of hazardous 
waste) that is potentially responsible for, or 
contributing to, the contamination problems at a 
Superfund site. Whenever possible, EPA requires 
PRPs, through administrative and legal actions, to 
clean up hazardous waste sites they have 
contaminated. See also Comprehensive Environmental 
Response , Compensation, and Liability Act and Superfund. 

Presumptive Remedies 

Presumptive remedies are preferred technologies for 
common categories of CERCLA sites that have been 
identified through historical patterns of remedy selection 
and EPA's scientific and engineering evaluation of 
performance data on technology implementation. 

Pump and Treat (P&T) 

P&T is a general term used to describe remediation 
methods that involve the pumping of groundwater to 
the surface for treatment. P&T is one of the most 
common methods of treating polluted aquifers and 
groundwater. 


Quality Assurance (QA) 

QA is a system of management activities that ensure 
that a process, item, or service is of the type and 
quality needed by the user. QA deals with setting 
policy and implementing an administrative system of 
management controls that cover planning, 
implementation, and review of data collection 
activities. QA is an important element of a quality 
system that ensures that all research design and 
performance, environmental monitoring and 
sampling, and other technical and reporting activities 
conducted by EPA are of the highest possible quality. 

Quality Control (QC) 

QC refers to scientific precautions, such as 
calibrations and duplications, that are necessary if 
data of known and adequate quality are to be 
acquired. QC is technical in nature and is 
implemented at the project level. Like QA, QC is an 
important element of a quality system that ensures 
that all research design and performance, 
environmental monitoring and sampling, and other 
technical and reporting activities conducted by EPA 
are of the highest possible quality. 

Radioactive Waste 

Radioactive waste is any waste that emits energy as 
rays, waves, or streams of energetic particles. Sources 
of such wastes include nuclear reactors, research 
institutions, and hospitals. 

Radionuclide 

A radionuclide is a radioactive element characterized 
according to its atomic mass and atomic number, 
which can be artificial or naturally occurring. 
Radionuclides have a long life as soil or water 
pollutants. Radionuclides cannot be destroyed or 
degraded; therefore, applicable technologies involve 
separation, concentration and volume reduction, 
immobilization, or vitrification. See also Solidification 
and Stabilization. 

Radon 

Radon is a colorless, naturally occurring, radioactive, 
inert gaseous element formed by radioactive decay of 
radium atoms. See also Radioactive Waste and 
Radionuclide. 

Reactivity 

Reactive wastes are unstable under normal 
conditions. They can create explosions and or toxic 
fumes, gases, and vapors when mixed with water. 


B-12 




ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Ready for Reuse (RfR) Determination 

An RfR is a new type of document developed by EPA 
to provide potential users of Superfund sites with an 
environmental status report that documents a 
technical determination made by EPA in consultation 
with states, tribes, and local governments. The 
environmental status report indicates whether all or a 
portion of a property can support specific types of 
uses and remain protective of human health and the 
environment. The RfR guidance was issued by EPA in 
February 2004. 

Record of Decision (ROD) 

A ROD is a legal, technical, and public document that 
explains which cleanup alternative will be used at a 
Superfund NPL site. The ROD is based on 
information and technical analysis generated during 
the remedial investigation and feasibility study (Rl/ 
FS) and consideration of public comments and 
community concerns. 

Release 

A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, 
emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, leaching, 
dumping, or disposing into the environment of a 
hazardous or toxic chemical or extremely hazardous 
substance, as defined under RCRA. See also Resource 
Conservation and Recovery Act. 

Removal Action 

A removal action usually is a short-term effort 
designed to stabilize or clean up a hazardous waste 
site that poses an immediate threat to human health or 
the environment. Removal actions include removing 
tanks or drums of hazardous substances that were 
found on the surface and installing drainage controls 
or security measures, such as a fence at the site. 
Removal actions also may be conducted to respond to 
accidental releases of hazardous substances. 

CERCLA places time and money constraints on the 
duration of removal actions. See also Comprehensive 
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. 

Representative Sampling 

The term representative sampling refers to a portion of 
material or water that is as nearly identical in content 
and consistency as possible to that in a larger body of 
material or water being sampled. To prevent 
segregation and to provide a level of accuracy, the 
sample is representative of the volume and nature of 
the material being sampled. 


Resin 

Resins are solids or semi-solids, originally of plant 
origin, used principally in lacquers, varnishes, inks, 
adhesives, synthetic plastics, and pharmaceuticals. 
Man-made resins, also called synthetic plastics, have 
a wide range of applications from manufacturing of 
household goods to architectural and industrial uses. 

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 

RCRA is a federal law enacted in 1976 that established 
a regulatory system to track hazardous substances from 
their generation to their disposal. The law requires the 
use of safe and secure procedures in treating, 
transporting, storing, and disposing of hazardous 
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent the creation 
of new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. 

RCRA Brownfields Prevention Initiative 

The RCRA Brownfields Prevention Initiative supports 
the design of pilot projects to test approaches that 
better integrate reuse considerations into the corrective 
action cleanup process. The initiative also addresses 
concerns that application of RCRA to cleanup 
activities may slow the progress of cleanup efforts. 

RCRA Brownfields Prevention Targeted Site Efforts 
(TSE) Initiative 

The RCRA Brownfields Prevention TSE Initiative is 
intended to focus short-term attention and support on 
sites where cleanup has been delayed or slowed and 
to serve as a catalyst for completing the cleanup at 
such sites in order to prevent them from becoming 
brownfields sites. The initiative applies to sites where 
significant potential for redevelopment and reuse 
exists and where limited EPA support would be 
required to bring the Sites to the next level of cleanup. 

Response Action 

A response action is a short-term removal action or a 
long-term remedial response, authorized under 
CERCLA that is taken at a site to address releases of 
hazardous substances. 

Return to Reuse Initiative 

The Return to Reuse Initiative was announced by EPA 
on November 10,2004. This initiative focuses on NPL 
sites that were cleaned up before EPA's current 
emphasis on considering reuse during response 
activities, many of which remain vacant. Under this 
initiative, EPA is committed to reviewing remedies in 
place to determine whether there are relatively modest 
ways to alter the remedy, without triggering changes 
to the ROD, to encourage reuse of these sites. 


• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


B-13 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Reuse Assessment 

A reuse assessment involves the collection and 
evaluation of information to develop assumptions 
about reasonably anticipated future land uses at 
Superfund sites. It provides a tool for implementing 
the Superfund land use directive and can involve a 
review of available records, visual inspections of the 
site, and discussions with local government officials, 
property owners, and community members about 
potential future land uses. 

Risk Communication 

Risk communication, the exchange of information 
about health or environmental risks among risk 
assessors, risk managers, the local community, news 
media and interest groups, is the process of informing 
members of the local community about environmental 
risks associated with a site and the steps that are 
being taken to manage those risks. 

Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) 

As defined by EPA, RBCA is a streamlined approach 
through which exposure and risk assessment 
practices are integrated with traditional components 
of the corrective action process to ensure that 
appropriate and cost-effective remedies are selected 
and that limited resources are allocated properly. 
RBCA refers specifically to Standard Guide E 1739 for 
Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied At Petroleum 
Release Sites, published by ASTM. The RBCA process 
can be tailored to applicable state and local laws and 
regulatory practices. See also American Society for 
Testing and Materials. 

Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) 

A SAP documents the procedural and analytical 
requirements for a one-time or time-limited project that 
involves the collection of samples of water, soil, 
sediment, or other media to characterize areas of 
potential environmental contamination. A SAP contains 
all the elements of a quality assurance project plan and a 
field sampling plan that must be provided to meet the 
requirements for any project funded by the EPA under 
which environmental measurements are to be taken. 

Saturated Zone 

The saturated zone is the area beneath the surface of 
the land in which all openings are filled with water. 

Seismic Reflection and Refraction 

Seismic reflection and refraction is a technology used to 
examine the geophysical features of soil and bedrock, 
such as debris, buried channels, and other features. 


Semivolatile Organic Compound (SVOC) 

SVOCs, composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen 
atoms, have boiling points greater than 200°C. 
Common SVOCs include PCBs, PAHs, and phenols. 
See also Phenol and Polychlorinated Biphenyl. 

Significant Threat 

The term refers to the level of contamination that a 
state would consider significant enough to warrant an 
action. The thresholds vary from state to state. 

Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer 
System (SCAPS) 

SCAPS was developed by the Division of the Naval 
Command, Control, and Ocean Surveillance Center, in 
collaboration with the U.S. Army and the U. S. Air 
Force. SCAPS, a cone penetrometer testing system, 
coupled with laser-induced fluorescence, measures 
fluorescence with optical fibers. The measurement is 
made through a sapphire window on a probe that is 
pushed into the ground with a truck-mounted cone 
penetrometer testing platform. See also Cone 
Penetrometer and Laser-Induced Fluorescence/Cone 
Penetrometer. 

Six-Phase Soil Heating 

Six-phase soil heating is an in situ thermal 
technology for the remediation of contamination of 
soil and groundwater. The process splits 
conventional electricity into six electrical phases for 
the electrical resistive heating of soil and 
groundwater. Each electrical phase is delivered to 
one of six electrodes placed in a hexagonal array. 

The voltage gradient between phases causes an 
electrical current to flow through the soil and 
groundwater. Resistivity causes the temperature to 
rise. As the soil and groundwater are heated 
uniformly to the boiling point of water, the water 
becomes steam, stripping volatile and semivolatile 
contaminants from the pore spaces. In addition, 
removal of the soil moisture increases the air 
permeability of the soils, which can further increase 
the rate at which contaminants are removed. 

Sludge 

Sludge is a semisolid residue from air or water 
treatment processes. Residues from treatment of metal 
wastes and the mixture of waste and soil at the bottom 
of a waste lagoon are examples of sludge, which can 
be a hazardous waste. 


\ 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields 
Revitalization Act 

The Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields 
Revitalization Act - also known as the Brownfields 
Law - was passed in January 2002. With the passage 
of this act, EPA assistance was expanded to provide 
greater support for brownfields cleanup and reuse. 

The law modified EPA's brownfields grants and 
technical assistance program by increasing EPA 
funding authority up to $200 million per year; 
providing grants for assessments, revolving loan 
funds, direct cleanups, and job training; expanding 
the entities, properties, and activities eligible for 
brownfields grants; expanding the Brownfields 
Program's applicability to sites with petroleum 
contamination such as abandoned gas stations; and 
providing authority for brownfields training, research, 
and technical assistance. In addition, the Brownfields 
Law changed and clarified Superfund liability for 
prospective purchasers, innocent landowners, and 
contiguous property owners. The law also provided 
liability protection for certain small-volume waste 
contributors and municipal solid waste contributors. 

Soil Boring 

Soil boring is a process by which a soil sample is 
extracted from the ground for chemical, biological, and 
analytical testing to determine the level of 
contamination present. 

Soil Rushing 

In soil flushing, large volumes of water, at times 
supplemented with treatment compounds, are applied 
to the soil or injected into the groundwater to raise the 
water table into the zone of contaminated soil. 
Contaminants are leached into the groundwater, and 
the extraction fluids are recovered from the underlying 
aquifer. When possible, the fluids are recycled. 

Soil Gas 

Soil gas consists of gaseous elements and compounds 
that occur in the small spaces between particles of the 
earth and soil. Such gases can move through or leave 
the soil or rock, depending on changes in pressure. 

Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) 

SVE is a process that physically separates 
contaminants from soil in a vapor form by exerting a 
vacuum through the soil formation. SVE removes 
VOCs and some SVOCs from soil beneath the ground 
surface. 

Soil Washing 

Soil washing is an innovative treatment technology that 
uses liquids (usually water, sometimes combined with 


chemical additives) and a mechanical process to scrub 
soils, removes hazardous contaminants, and 
concentrates the contaminants into a smaller volume. 
The technology is used to treat a wide range of 
contaminants, such as metals, gasoline, fuel oils, and 
pesticides. Soil washing is a relatively low-cost 
alternative for separating waste and minimizing volume 
as necessary to facilitate subsequent treatment. It is often 
used in combination with other treatment technologies. 
The technology can be brought to the site, thereby 
eliminating the need to transport hazardous wastes. 

Solidification and Stabilization 

Solidification and stabilization are the processes of 
removing wastewater from a waste or changing it 
chemically to make the waste less permeable and 
susceptible to transport by water. Solidification and 
stabilization technologies can immobilize many heavy 
metals, certain radionuclides, and selected organic 
compounds, while decreasing the surface area and 
permeability of many types of sludge, contaminated 
soils, and solid wastes. 

Solubility 

Solubility is a measure of the amount of solute that will 
dissolve in a solution. It is the ability or tendency of one 
substance to dissolve into another at a given temperature 
and pressure and is generally expressed in terms of the 
amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of 
solvent to produce a saturated solution. 

Solvent 

A solvent is a substance, usually liquid, that is 
capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other 
substances. 

Solvent Extraction 

Solvent extraction is an innovative treatment 
technology that uses a solvent to separate or remove 
hazardous organic contaminants from oily-type 
wastes, soils, sludges, and sediments. The technology 
does not destroy contaminants, but concentrates them 
so they can be recycled or destroyed more easily by 
another technology. Solvent extraction has been 
shown to be effective in treating sediments, sludges, 
and soils that contain primarily organic 
contaminants, such as PCBs, VOCs, halogenated 
organic compounds, and petroleum wastes. Such 
contaminants typically are generated from metal 
degreasing, printed circuit board cleaning, gasoline, 
and wood preserving processes. Solvent extraction is 
a transportable technology that can be brought to the 
site. See also Halogenated Organic Compound, 
Polychlorinated Biphenyl, and Volatile Organic 
Compound. 


• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


B-15 







ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) 

An SOP is a step-by-step procedure that promotes 
uniformity in operations to help clarify and augment 
such operations. SOPs document the way activities 
are to be performed to facilitate consistent 
conformance to technical and quality system 
requirements and to support data quality. The use of 
SOPs is an integral part of a successful quality system 
because SOPs provide individuals with the 
information needed to perform a job properly and 
facilitate consistency in the quality and integrity of a 
product or end result. SOPs also provide guidance in 
areas in which the exercise of professional judgment is 
necessary and specify procedures that are unique to 
each task. 

Steam Injection 

Steam injection is a remediation technology that uses 
the addition of steam to the subsurface to heat the soil 
and groundwater and drive off contaminants. The 
technology was developed by the petroleum industry 
to enhance recovery of oils from reservoirs, and has 
been adapted by the remediation industry for use in 
the recovery of organic contaminants from the 
subsurface. 

Strategic Environmental Research and Development 
Program (SERDP) 

SERDP is an environmental research and 
development program headed by the U.S. Department 
of Defense in partnership with the U.S. Department of 
Energy and EPA. The program focuses on cleanup, 
compliance, conservation, pollution prevention, and 
unexploded ordnance technologies. SERDP also 
provides demonstration opportunities at national test 
sites and conducts annual symposia and workshops 
to encourage technology transfer. 

Subsurface 

Underground, beneath the surface. 

Superfund 

Superfund is the trust fund that provides for the 
cleanup of hazardous substances released into the 
environment, regardless of fault. The Superfund was 
established under the Comprehensive Environmental 
Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) 
and subsequent amendments to CERCLA. The term 
Superfund also is used to refer to cleanup programs 
designed and conducted under CERCLA and its 
subsequent amendments. See also Comprehensive 
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. 


Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) 
Program 

The SITE Program is an effort established by EPA in 
1986 to advance the development, evaluation, and 
commercialization of innovative treatment technologies 
for assessing and cleaning up hazardous waste sites. 
The program provides an opportunity for technology 
developers to demonstrate their technologies' ability to 
successfully process and remediate hazardous waste. 
The SITE Program has four components: the Emerging 
Technology Program, the Demonstration Program, the 
Measurement and Monitoring Program, and the 
Technology Transfer Program. 

Superfund Redevelopment Initiative (SRI) 

The SRI reflects EPA's commitment to consider 
reasonably anticipated future land uses when making 
remedy decisions for Superfund hazardous waste 
sites so that sites can be cleaned up to be protective of 
human health and the environment under the future 
uses of the land. 

Surface Water 

Surface water is all water naturally open to the 
atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, streams, 
and seas. 

Surfactant Flushing 

Surfactant flushing is a technology used to treat 
contaminated groundwater. Surfactant flushing of 
NAPL increases the solubility and mobility of the 
contaminants in water so that the NAPLs can be 
biodegraded more easily in an aquifer or recovered for 
treatment aboveground. See also Nonaqueous Phase 
Liquid. 

Systematic Planning 

Systematic planning is a planning process that is 
based on the scientific method. It is a common-sense 
approach designed to ensure that the level of detail 
in planning is commensurate with the importance 
and intended use of the data, as well as the available 
resources. Systematic planning is important to the 
successful execution of all activities at hazardous 
waste sites, but it is particularly important to 
dynamic field activities because those activities rely 
on rapid decision-making. The data quality objective 
(DQO) process is one formalized process of 
systematic planning. All dynamic field activities 
must be designed through the use of systematic 
planning, whether using DQO steps or some other 
system. See also Data Quality Objective. 


B-16 




ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


"Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/ 
Chemical Methods" (SW- 846 ) 

SW-846 refers to an EPA guidance and reference 
document, "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, 
Physical/Chemical Methods," which is intended to 
assist analytical chemists and other users in the 
RCRA and Superfund programs by suggesting 
procedures that analysts have found to be successful 
when applied to typical samples. The SW-846 
methods are analytical and sampling methods that 
have been evaluated and approved for use in 
complying with RCRA regulations. The methods are 
not intended to be prescriptive, nor are all 
technologies or methods that may be used identified. 

Tetrachloroethene 

Tetrachloroethene is a nonflammable manufactured 
chemical widely used for dry cleaning fabrics and in 
metal degreasing operations. It also is used as a 
starting material (building block) for the production of 
other manufactured chemicals. Other names for 
tetrachloroethene include PERC, tetrachloroethylene, 
perchloroethylene, and PCE. 

Thermal Desorption 

Thermal desorption is an innovative treatment 
technology that heats soils contaminated with 
hazardous wastes to temperatures from 200 to 1,000°F 
so that contaminants that have low boiling points will 
vaporize and separate from the soil. The vaporized 
contaminants then are collected for further treatment 
or destruction, typically by an air emission treatment 
system. The technology is most effective for treating 
VOCs; SVOCs; and other organic contaminants such 
as PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides. It is effective in 
separating organics from refining wastes, coal tar 
wastes, waste from wood treatment, and paint wastes. 
It also can separate solvents, pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, 
and fuel oils from contaminated soil. See also 
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Polychlorinated 
Biphenyl, Semivolatile Organic Compound, and Volatile 
Organic Compound. 

Toluene 

Toluene is a colorless liquid chemical with a sweet, 
strong odor. It is used as a solvent in aviation 
gasoline and in making other chemicals, perfumes, 
medicines, dyes, explosives, and detergents. 

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) 

TPH refers to a measure of concentration or mass of 
petroleum hydrocarbon constituents present in a 
given amount of air, soil, or water. 


Toxic Substance 

A toxic substance is a chemical or mixture that may 
present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the 
environment. 

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 

TSCA was enacted in 1976 to test, regulate, and screen 
all chemicals produced or imported into the United 
States. TSCA requires that any chemical that reaches 
the consumer marketplace be tested for possible toxic 
effects prior to commercial manufacture. Any existing 
chemical that poses health and environmental 
hazards is tracked and reported under TSCA. 

Toxicity 

Toxicity is a quantification of the degree of danger 
posed by a substance to animal or plant life. 

Triad Approach 

The Triad approach is a three-pronged approach 
designed to encourage modernization of data 
collection, analysis, interpretation, and management in 
order to support cleanup decisions for hazardous 
waste sites. The three parts of the Triad approach 
include systematic planning, a dynamic work strategy, 
and use of real-time measurement tools to allow on-site 
analysis of samples. The Triad approach enables 
project managers to minimize uncertainty while 
expediting site cleanup and reducing project costs. 
Systematic planning is a common-sense approach used 
to ensure that the level of detail of project planning 
matches the intended use of the data being collected. 
The dynamic work strategy relies on real-time data to 
reach decision points. The logic for decision-making is 
identified, and responsibilities, authority, and lines of 
communication are established. Real-time 
measurement is made possible by use of on-site 
analytical tools and rapid sampling platforms, on-site 
interpretation and management of data, and supports 
on-site decision-making. 

Trichloroethene (TCE) 

TCE is a stable, low-boiling point, colorless liquid that 
is used as a solvent, as a metal degreasing agent, and 
in other industrial applications. TCE is also known as 
trichloroethylene. 

Uncertainty 

The term uncertainty refers to the inherent unknown 
quantities present in all scientific and technical 
decisions. Uncertainties can arise from incomplete 
knowledge of the nature and extent of contamination, 
an inability to predict a technology's performance 
under site-specific conditions, or new or changing 
regulatory requirements. 


• APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 


B-17 






ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Underground Injection Control (UIC) 

UIC is the prevention of contamination from fluids 
disposed through underground injection. Regulated 
under the Safe Drinking Act, the UIC program was 
established to prevent contamination of underground 
sources of drinking water. In addition to banning 
certain types of injection, the program establishes 
minimum requirements for the siting of injection wells 
and the construction, operation, maintenance, 
monitoring, testing, and closure of wells. 

Underground Storage Tank (UST) 

An UST is a tank and any underground piping 
connected to a tank that is used to contain gasoline or 
other petroleum products or chemical solutions and 
that is placed in such a manner that at least 10 percent 
of its combined volume is underground. 

USTFields Initiative 

The USTFields Initiative undertaken by EPA's Office 
of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST) focuses on 
improving cleanups at sites affected by petroleum 
contamination and encouraging redevelopment of 
these sites. 

Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) 

The term exploded ordnance refers to any munition, 
weapon delivery system, or ordnance item that 
contains explosives, propellants, and chemical agents. 
UXO consists of the same items after they: (1) have 
been armed or otherwise prepared for action; (2) have 
been launched, placed, fired, or released in such a 
manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, 
installations, personnel, or material; and (3) remain 
unexploded by design, by malfunction, or for any 
other reason. 

Unsaturated Zone 

The unsaturated zone is the area between the land 
surface and the uppermost aquifer (or saturated zone). 
The soils in an unsaturated zone may contain air and 
water. 

Vadose Zone 

The vadose zone is the area between the surface of the 
land and the surface of the water table in which the 
moisture content is less than the saturation point and 
the pressure is less than atmospheric. The openings 
(pore spaces) also typically contain air or other gases. 


Vapor 

Vapor is the gaseous phase of any substance that is 
liquid or solid at atmospheric temperatures and 
pressures. Steam is an example of a vapor. 

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) 

A VOC is one of a group of carbon-containing 
compounds that evaporate readily at room temperature. 
Examples of VOCs include trichloroethane; 
trichloroethene; and benzene toluene ethylbenzene and 
xylene (BTEX). These contaminants typically are 
generated from metal degreasing, printed circuit board 
cleaning, gasoline, and wood preserving processes. 

Volatilization 

Volatilization is the process of transfer of a chemical 
from the aqueous or liquid phase to the gas phase. 
Solubility, molecular weight, and vapor pressure of 
the liquid and the nature of the gas-liquid affect the 
rate of volatilization. 

Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP) 

A VCP is a formal means established by many states to 
facilitate assessment, cleanup, and redevelopment of 
brownfields sites. VCPs typically address the 
identification and cleanup of potentially 
contaminated sites that are not on the National 
Priorities List (NPL). Under a VCP, owners or 
developers of a site are encouraged to approach the 
state voluntarily to work out a process by which the 
site can be readied for development. Many state VCPs 
provide technical assistance, liability assurances, and 
funding support for such efforts. See also National 
Priorities List. 

Wastewater 

Wastewater is spent or used water from an individual 
home, a community, a farm, or an industry that 
contains dissolved or suspended matter. 

Water Table 

A water table is the boundary between the saturated 
and unsaturated zones beneath the surface of the 
earth, the level of groundwater, and generally is the 
level to which water will rise in a well. See also Aquifer 
and Groundwater. 

Zoning 

Zoning is the exercise of the civil authority of a 
municipality to regulate and control the character and 
use of property. 


B-18 





APPENDIX C 

































ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Appendix C 


LIST OF BROWNFIELDS 
AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS 


The lists included in this appendix identify contacts at the state and EPA regional levels, as well as EPA 
technical support staff in the Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation and the Office of 
Research and Development. The individuals are available to assist cleanup and redevelopment efforts at 
brownfields sites. 


The points of contact listed are current, according to information available at the time of publication. 




EPA Regional Brownfields Coordinators.C-7 

An online list of regional contacts is available at 
wwzv.epa.gov/szuerosps/bf/regcntct.htm 



EPA Technical Support Contacts 


C-8 


• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS 


C-1 





















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



ALABAMA_ 

www.adem.state.al.us/ 

Dan Cooper 
Land Division 

AL Department of Environmental 
Management 

1751 Congressman WL Dickinson 
Drive 

Montgomery, AL 36109 
Phone: (334) 271-7711 
Fax: (334) 279-3050 

ALASKA_ 

www.dec.state.ak.us/ 

Jill Taylor 

Spill Prevention and Response 
AK Department of Environmental 
Conservation 
410 Willoughby Avenue 
Juneau, AK 99801 
Phone: (907) 465-5209 
Fax: (907) 465-5262 
E-mail: Jill.taylor@dec.state.ak.us 

ARIZONA_ 

www2 .ev. state, az.us/i ndex. html 

A1 Roesler 
Voluntary Sites Unit 
AZ Department of Environmental 
Quality 

3033 North Central Avenue 

Phoenix, AZ 85012 

Phone: (602) 207-4166 

Fax: (602) 207-4236 

E-mail: roesler.al@ev.state.az.us 

ARKANSAS_ 

www. adeq. state, ar. us/hazwaste/ 

Mike Bates 

Hazardous Waste Division 
AR Department of Environmental 
Quality 

8001 National Drive 

P.O. Box 8913 

Little Rock, AR 72219-8913 

Phone: (501) 682-0831 

Fax: (501) 682-0565 

E-mail: bates@adeq.state.ar.us 

Daniel Clanton 

Hazardous Waste Division, Active Sites 
Branch 

Department of Environmental Quality 

8001 National Drive 

P.O. Box 8913 

Little Rock, AR 72219-8913 

Phone: (501) 682-0834 

Fax: (501) 682-0565 

E-mail: clanton@adeq.state.ar.us 


CALIFORNIA_ 

www.calepa.ca.gov/ 

Steven Becker 

Sacramento Regional Office 

Department of Toxic Substances Control 

8800 Cal Center Drive 

Sacramento, CA 95826 

Phone: (916) 255-3845 

Email: sbecker@dtsc.ca.gov 

Megan Cambridge 

Statewide Brownfields Coordinator 

Department of Toxic Substances Control 

8800 Cal Center Drive 

Sacramento, CA 95826 

Phone: (916) 255-3727 

Email: mcambridge@dtsc.ca.gov 

Tina Diaz 

Glendale Regional Office 

Department of Toxic Substances Control 

1011 North Grandview Avenue 

Glendale, CA 91201 

Phone: (818) 551-2862 

Fax: (818) 551-2832 

Email: tdiaz@dtsc.ca.gov 

Janet Naito 

Berkeley Regional Office 

Department of Toxic Substances Control 

700 Heinz Avenue 

Suite 200C 

Berkeley, CA 94710 

Phone: (510) 540-3833 

Fax: (510) 540-3819 

Email: jnaito@dtsc.ca.gov 

Lynn Nakashima 

Berkeley Regional Office 

Department of Toxic Substances Control 

700 Heinz Avenue 

Suite 200C 

Berkeley, CA 94710 

Phone: (510) 540-3839 

Fax: (510) 540-3819 

Email: lnakashi@dtsc.ca.gov 

Kevin Shaddy 
Clovis Field Office 

Department of Toxic Substances Control 

1515 Tollhouse Road 

Clovis, CA 93611 

Phone: (559) 297-3929 

Email: kshaddy@dtsc.ca.gov 

Rania Zabaneh 

Cypress Regional Office 

Department of Toxic Substances Control 

5796 Corporate Avenue 

Cypress, CA 90630 

Phone: (714) 484-5479 

Email: rzabaneh@dtsc.ca.gov 


C-2 


COLORADO_ 

www. state.co. us/gov_d i r/cdphe_d i r/h m 
Daniel Scheppers 

Hazardous Waste Materials and Waste 
Management Division 
CO Department of Public Health and 
Environment 

4300 Cherry Creek Drive South 

Denver, CO 80246-1530 

Phone: (303) 692-3398 

Fax: (303) 759-5355 

E-mail: daniel.scheppers@state.co.us 

CONNECTICUT_ 

http://dep.state.ct.us/ 

Doug Zimmerman 
CT Department of Environmental 
Protection 
79 Elm Street 
Hartford, CT 06106-5127 
Phone: (860) 424-3800 
Fax: (860) 424-4057 
E-mail: 

douglas.zimmerman@po.state.ct.us 

DELAWARE _ 

http://sirb.awm.dnrec.state.de.us/ 

Steve Seidel 

Department of Revenue 
820 North French Street 
Wilmington, DE 19801 
Phone: (302) 577-8455 
Fax: (302) 577-8656 
E-mail: sseidel@de.state.us 

FLORIDA_ 

www.dep.state.fl.us/ 

Joe McGarrity 
Bureau of Waste Cleanup 
FL Department of Environmental 
Protection 
Tallahassee, FL 
Phone: (904) 488-3935 
E-mail: mcgarrity_j@dep.state.fl.us 

Roger Register 
Brownfields Liaison 
FL Department of Environmental 
Protection 
MS 4505 

2600 Blair Stone Road 
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400 
Phone: (850) 488-0190 
Fax: (850) 922-4368 
E-mail: register_r@dep.state.fl.us 
















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued) 


GEORGIA_ 

www.d nr.state.ga. us/dnr/envi ron 

Darren Meadows 

Environmental Protection Division 

GA Department of Natural Resources 

Suite 1462 

205 Butler Street, SE 

Atlanta, GA 30334 

Phone: (404) 657-8600 

Fax: (404) 657-0307 

E-mail: 

darren_meadows@mail.dnr.state.ga.us 

HAWAII_ 

ivzuw.haami.gov/health 

Bryce Hatoaka 

Environmental Management Division 
HI Department of Health, Hazard 
Evaluation and Emergency Response 
919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 206 
Honolulu, HI 96814 
Phone: (808) 586-4248 
Fax: (808) 586-7537 

E-mail: bhatoaka@eha.health.state.hi.us 

IDAHO_ 

zuzviv2.state, id. us/deq 

Dean Nygard 

Division of Environmental Quality 

ID Department of Health and Welfare 

1410 North Hilton Street 

Boise, ID 83706 

Phone: (208) 373-0276 

Fax: (208) 373-0576 

ILLINOIS_ 

www.epa.state.il.us/ 

Rick Lucas 

Division of Land Pollution Control 
IL Environmental Protection Agency 
1021 North Grand Avenue East 
P.O. Box 19276 
Springfield, IL 62794-9276 
Phone: (217) 782-6761 
Fax: (217) 782-3258 
E-mail: epa4155@epa.state.il.us 

INDIANA_ 

www.ai.org/idem/oer/index.htrnl 
Peggy Dorsey 

Voluntary Remediation Program 

IN Department of Environmental 

Management 

P.O. Box 6015 

100 North Senate Avenue 

Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015 

Phone: (317) 234-0428 

E-mail: pdorsey@dem.state.in.us 


IOWA_ 

www.state, ia.us/epd 

Stuart C. Schmitz 

Contaminated Sites Section 

IA Department of Natural Resources 

Wallace State Office Building 

Des Moines, IA 50319 

Phone: (515) 242-5241 

Fax: (515) 281-8895 

E-mail: stuart.schmitz@dnr.state.ia.us 

KANSAS_ 

www.kdhe.state.ks.us/ber/ 

Frank Arnwine 

1000 SW Jackson, Suite 410 

Topeka, Kansas 66612-1367 

Phone: (785) 296-1665 

Fax (785) 296-7030 

E-mail famwine@kdhe.state.ks.us 

KENTUCKY_ 

www.kyeqc.net/ 

Jeffrey Pratt 

Division of Waste Management 
KY Department of Environmental 
Protection 
14 Reillv Road 
Frankfurt, KY 40601 
Phone: (502) 564-6716 
Fax: (502) 564-4049 
E-mail: pratt@nrdep.nr.state.ky.us 

LOUISIANA_ 

zvwzu. deq.state.la. us/ 

John Halk 

Department of Environmental Quality 

Inactive & Abandoned Sites Division 

P.O. Box 82178 

Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2178 

Phone: (504) 765-0487 

Fax: (504) 765-0484 

MAINE_ 

www.state, me. us/dep/rwm/home.htm 
Nicholas Hodgkins 

Bureau of Hazardous Materials & Solid 
Waste Control 

ME Department of Environmental 
Protection 

State House Station 17 
Augusta, ME 04333-0017 
Phone: (207) 287-2651 
Fax: (207) 287-7826 
E-mail: nick.hodgkins@state.me.us 


MARYLAND_ 

www.mde.state.md.us/ 

Karl Kalbacher 

MD Department of the Environment 

2500 Broening Highway 

Baltimore, MD 21224 

Phone: (410) 631-3437 

Fax: (410) 631-3472 

E-mail: kkalbacher@mde.state.md.us 

Jim Metz 

MD Department of the Environment 

2500 Broening Highway 

Baltimore, MD 21224 

Phone: (410) 631-3437 

Fax: (410) 631-3472 

E-mail: bdemarco@charm.net 

MASSACHUSETTS_ 

zvivw.state.ma.us/dep/bwsc/bivschome.htm 
Betsy Harper 

Office of the Attorney General 

MA Environmental Protection Division 

200 Portland Street 

Boston, MA 02114 

Phone: (617) 727-2200 

Fax: (617) 727-9665 

Catherine Finneran 
Brownfields Coordinator 
Waste Site Cleanup 
MA Department of Environmental 
Protection 

One Winter Street Floor # 7 
Boston, MA 02108 
Phone: (617) 556-1138 
Fax: (617) 556-1049 


MICHIGAN _ 

www.deq.state.mi.us/ 

James Linton 
Site Reclamation Unit 
MI Department of Environmental 
Quality 
P.O. Box 30426 
Lansing, MI 48909 
Phone: (517) 373-8450 
Fax: (517) 373-9657 
E-mail: lintonj@state.mi.us 


• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS 


03 




















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued) 


MINNESOTA_ 

www.pca.state.mn.us/cleanup/index.html 
Greg Ruff 

Groundwater & Solid Waste Unit 

MN Pollution Control Agency 

520 Lafayette Road 

St. Paul, MN 55155-4194 

Phone: (651) 296-0892 

Fax: (651) 296-9707 

E-mail: joseph.otte@pca.state.mn.us 

Meredith Udoibok 
Department of Trade and Economic 
Development 
St. Paul, MN 
Phone: (651) 297-4132 

MISSISSIPPI_ 

www. deq .state, ms. us/ 

Tony Russell 

MS Department of Environmental 
Quality 

Hazardous Waste Division 

P.O. Box 10385 

Jackson, MS 39289-0385 

Phone: (601) 961-5171 

Fax: (601) 961-5300 

E-mail: tony_russell@deq.state.ms.us 

MISSOURI_ 

www.dnr. state, mo.us/deq/homedeq.htm 
Jim Belcher 

Voluntary Cleanup Section 
MO Department of Natural Resources 
P.O. Box 176 

Jefferson City, MO 65102 
Phone: (573) 526-8913 
Fax: (573) 526-8922 

MONTANA_ 

www.deq.state.mt.us/index.asp 
Carol Fox 

Site Remediation Division 
MT Department of Environmental 
Quality 

P.O. Box 200901 
Helena, MT 59620-0901 
Phone: (406) 444-0478 
Fax: (406) 444-1901 
E-mail: cfox@mt.gov 

NEBRASKA_ 

www.deq.state.ne.us/ 

Ted Huscher 

NE Department of Environmental 
Quality 
1200 N Street 

The Atrium Building, Suite 400 

Lincoln, NE 68509-8922 

Phone: (402) 471-2214 

Fax: (402) 471-2909 

E-mail: ted.huscher@ndeq.state.ne.us 


NEVADA_ 

www.state.nv.us/ 

Robert Kelso 

Bureau of Corrective Actions 
NV Division of Environmental 
Protection 
333 West Nye Lane 
Carson City, NV 89706 
Phone: (702) 687-5872 
Fax: (702) 687-6396 
E-mail: us.ndepl@govmail.state.nv.us 

NEW HAMPSHIRE_ 

www.state.nh.us/des/hwrb/ 

Gary Lynn 

Waste Management Division 
NH Department of Environmental 
Services 
6 Hazen Drive 
Concord, NH 03304 
Phone: (603) 271-6778 
Fax: (603) 271-2456 

NEW JERSEY_ 

www.state, nj. us/dep/srp/index.htm 
Gary Greulich 
Bureau of Field Operations 
NJ Department of Environmental 
Protection 
2 Babcock Place 
West Orange, NJ 07052 
Phone: (973) 669-3960 

George Nicholas 

Bureau of Ground Water Pollution 
Abatement 

NJ Department of Environmental 
Protection 
P.O. Box 413 
Trenton, NJ 08625-0413 
Phone: (609) 984-6565 

Mark Pederson 
Case Assignment Section 
New Jersey Department of 
Environmental Protection 
P.O. Box 028 
Trenton, NJ 08625-0434 
Phone: (609) 292-1928 
Fax: (609) 292-2117 

NEW MEXICO_ 

www.nmenv.state.nm.us/ 

Christine Bynum 

Voluntary Remediation Program, 

Ground Water Quality Bureau 

NM Environmental Department 

P.O. Box 26110 

Santa Fe, NM 87502 

Phone: (505) 827-2754 

Fax: (505) 827-2965 

E-mail: 

chris_bynum@nmenv.state.nm.us 


NEW YORK_ 

www.dec.state.ny.us/ 

Christine Costopoulos 
Division of Remedial Response 
NY Department of Environmental 
Conservation 
50 Wolf Road 
Albany, NY 12233-7010 
Phone: (518) 457-5861 
Fax: (518) 457-9639 
E-mail: cjcostop@gw.dec.state.ny.us 

NORTH CAROLINA_ 

http://wastenot.ehnr.state.nc.us/ 

Charlotte Jesneck 

Division of Waste Management, Site 
Cleanup Bureau 

NC Department of Environment, 
Health, and Natural Resources 
401 Oberlin Road 
P.O. Box 29603 
Raleigh, NC 27611-7687 
Phone: (919) 733-2801 
Fax: (919) 733-4811 
E-mail: 

jesneckc@wastenot.ehnr.state.nc.us 

NORTH DAKOTA_ 

www.ehs.health.state.nd.us/ndhd/environ/ 

wm/index.htm 

Kurt Erickson 

Division of Waste Management 
ND Department of Health and 
Consolidated Labs 
P.O. Box 5520 
Bismark, ND 58506-5520 
Phone: (701) 328-5166 
Fax: (701) 328-5200 
E-mail: 

ccmail.cerickso@ranch. state.nd.us 

OHIO_ 

www.epa.state.oh. us/derr/ 

Jennifer Kwasniewski 
Ohio Environmental Protection 
Agency 

1800 Watermark Drive 
P.O. Box 1049 
Columbus, OH 43266-0419 
Phone: (614) 644-2279 
Fax: (614) 644-3146 


C-4 

















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


STATE BROWNFIELDS CONTACTS (continued) 

PUERTO RICO 


OKLAHOMA_ 

www.deq.state.ok.us/waste.html 
Rita Kottke 

Waste Management Division 
OK Department of Environmental 
Quality 
P.O. Box 1677 
707 N. Robinson 
Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677 
Phone: (405) 702-5127 
Fax: (405) 702-5101 

E-mail: rita.kottke@deqmail.state. ok.us 
Amil Lyon 

Department of Environmental Quality 

Waste Management Division 

707 North Robinson 

Oklahoma City, OK 73102 

Phone: (405) 702-5140 

Fax: (405) 70205101 

E-mail: amil.lyon@oklaosf.state.ok.us 

OREGON_ 

www. deq. state, or. us/wmc/cleanup/ 
clean.htm 

Alan Kiphut 

Waste Management and Cleanup 
Division 

OR Department of Environmental 
Quality 

811 S.W. Sixth Avenue 

Portland, OR 97204 

Phone: (503) 229-6834 

Fax: (503) 229-6977 

E-mail: kiphut.alan@deq.state.or.us 

PENNSYLVANIA_ 

www.dep.state.pa.us/dqy/deputate/ 

airwaste/wm/default.htm 

Scott Dunkelberger 
Grants Office 

Department of Community and 
Economic Development 
494 Forum Building 
Harrisburg, PA 17120 
Phone: (717) 787-7120 
Fax: (717) 772-2890 
E-mail: sdunkel@doc.state.pa.us 

David Hess 

Department of Environmental 
Protection 
Philadelphia, PA 
Phone: (717) 783-7509 
E-mail: hess.david@al.dep.state.pa.us 

James Shaw 

Bureau of Land Recycling & Waste 
Management 

Department of Environmental 
Protection 
400 Market Street 
P.O. Box 8471 
Harrisburg, PA 17105 
Phone: (717) 787-7120 
Fax: (717) 787-1904 

E-mail: landrecyclng@al.dep.state.pa.us 


Enid Villegas 
Chief Superfund Core 
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality 
Board 

P.O. Box 11488 
Santure, PR 00910 
(787) 767-8181 
Fax: (787) 766-0150 

RHODE ISLAND_ 

www.state, ri. us/dem 
Greg Fine 

Office of Waste Management 
RI Department of Environmental 
Management 
235 Promenade Street 
Providence, RI 02908 
Phone: (401) 222-2797 
Fax: (401) 222-3812 

SOUTH CAROLINA_ 

www.state.sc.us/dhec 
Gail Jeter 

Bureau of Land and Waste 
Management 

SC Department of Health and 
Environmental Control 
2600 Bull Street 
Columbia, SC 29201 
Phone: (803) 896-4069 
Fax: (803) 896-4001 
E-mail: 

jetergr@columb34.dhec.state.sc.us 

SOUTH DAKOTA _ 

www.state.sd.us/state/executive/denr/ 

denr.html 

Mark Lawrenson 

Division of Environmental Regulation 
SD Department of Water and Natural 
Resources 

523 East Capitol, Foss Building 
Pierre, SD 57501 
Phone: (605) 773-5868 
Fax: (605) 773-6035 

TENNESSEE_ 

wivw.state. tn. us/en vi ronmen t/dsf/ 
home.htm 
Andrew Shivas 
Division of Superfund 
TN Department of Environment and 
Conservation 
401 Church Street 
14th Floor, L&C Annex 
Nashville, TN 37214 
Phone: (615) 532-0912 
Fax: (615) 532-0938 
E-mail: ashivas@mail.state.tn.us 


TEXAS_ 

www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/homepgs/oprr.html 
Chuck Epperson 
Voluntary Cleanup Section 
TX Natural Resource Conservation 
Commission 
P.O. Box 13087 - MC221 
Austin, TX 78711-3087 
Phone: (512) 239-2498 
Fax: (512) 239-1212 
E-mail: cepperso@tnrcc.state.tx.us 

UTAH_ 

www.eq.state.ut.us/EQERK/errhmpg.htm 
Brent Everett 

Division of Environmental Response 
and Remediation 
168 North 1950 West 
1st Floor 

Salt Lake City, UT 84116 
Phone: (801) 536-4100 
Fax: (801) 536-4242 
E-mail: beverett@deq.state.ut.us 

VERMONT_ 

www.anr.state.vt.us/ 

George Desch 

Department of Environmental 
Conservation 

VT Agency of Natural Resources 
103 South Main Street 
Waterbury, VT 05671-0404 
Phone: (802) 241-3491 
Fax: (802) 244-3296 
E-mail: georged@dec.anr.state.vt.us 

VIRGINIA_ 

www.deq.state.va.us/ 

Erica Dameron 

VA Department of Environmental 
Quality 

629 E. Main Street 
Richmond, VA 23219 
Phone: (804) 698-4201 
Fax: 804 698-4234 

E-mail: esdameron@deq.state.va.us 

WASHINGTON_ 

www.ecy.wa.gov/ 

Curtis Dahlgren 
WA Department of Ecology 
P.O. Box 47600 
Olympia, WA 98504-7600 
Phone: (360) 407-7187 
Fax: (360) 407-7154 
E-mail: cdah461@ecy.wa.gov 


• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS 


C-5 


















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


WASHINGTON, D.C._ 

Angelo Tompros 
Department of Consumer and 
Regulatory Affairs 
Environmental Regulation 
Administration 

2100 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, SE 
Room 203 

Washington, DC 20020 
Phone: (202) 645-6080 
Fax: (202) 645-6622 

WEST VIRGINIA_ 

www.dep.state.wv. us/ 

Ken Ellison 

Office of Waste Management 
WV Division of Environmental 
Protection 

1356 Hansford Street 

Charleston, WV 25301 

Phone: (304) 558-5929 

Fax: (304) 558-0256 

E-mail: kellison@mail.dep.state.wv.us 

WISCONSIN_ 

www. dnr.state.wi. us/org/aw/rr 
Darsi Foss 

Division of Environmental Quality 

WI Department of Natural Resources 

101 South Webster Street 

P.O. Box 7921 

Madison, WI 53707-7921 

Phone: (608) 267-6713 

Fax: (608) 267-2768 

E-mail: fossd@dnr.state.wi.us 

WYOMING_ 

h t tp://decj.s ta te. wy. us/ 

Carl Anderson 

Solid and Hazardous Waste Division 
WY Department of Environmental 
Quality 

122 West, 25th Street 

Cheyenne, WY 82002 

Phone: (307) 777-7752 

Fax: (307) 777-5973 

E-mail: cander@missc.state.wy.us 




C-6 









ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


EPA Regional 
Brownfields 
Coordinators 



An online list of regional contacts is 
available at wzvw.epa.gov/szverosps/bf/ 
regcntct.htm. 

REGION 1_ 

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, 
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, 
Vermont 

wzvzv.epa.gov/region01/Brownfields/ 

U.S. EPA Region 1 Brownfields Office 
One Congress Street (HBT) 

Boston, MA 02114-2023 
Phone: (617) 918-1221 
Fax: (617) 918-1291 

REGION 2_ 

New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, 
Virgin Islands 

www.epa.gov/r02earth/superfnd/ 
bro zvnfld/bfm a i n pg. h tm 

U.S. EPA Region 2 Brownfields Office 
290 Broadway 
18th Floor 

New York, NY 10007-1866 
Phone: (212) 637-3000 
Fax: (212) 637-4360 

REGION 3_ 

Delaware, Washington, D.C., 
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
West Virginia 

www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/brownfld/ 

hmpagel.htm 

U.S. EPA Region 3 Brownfields Office 

1650 Arch Street 

Philadelphia, PA 19103 

Phone: (215) 814-3129 or (800) 814-5000 

Fax: (215) 814-3254 

REGION 4_ 

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, 
Mississippi, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Tennessee 

wwzv.epa.gov/region4/index.html 

U.S. EPA Region 4 Brownfields Office 

Atlanta Federal Center 

61 Forsyth Street 

Atlanta, GA 30303 

(404) 562-8684 

Fax: (404) 562-8566 


REGION 5_ 

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, 
Ohio, Wisconsin 

ivzvzv.epa.gov/R5Brozvnfields/ 

U.S. EPA Region 5 Brownfields Office 
77 West Jackson Boulevard (SE-4J) 
Chicago, IL 60604-3507 
Phone: (312) 886-7576 or (800) 621-8431 
Fax: (312) 886-7190 

REGION 6_ 

Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, 
Oklahoma, Texas 

www.epa.gov/earthlr6/6sf/bfpages/ 

sfbfhome.htm 

U.S. EPA Region 6 Brownfields Office 
1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200 
Dallas, TX 75202-2733 
Phone: (214) 665-6736 
Fax: (214) 665-6660 

REGION 7 

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska 

http:llwww.epa.gov/region07l 

Brownfieldslindex.html 

U.S. EPA Region 7 Brownfields Office 

901 North 5th Street 

Kansas City, KS 66101 

Phone: (913) 551-7066 or (800) 223-0425 

Fax: (913) 9646 

REGION 8 

Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, 
South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming 

zvww.epa.gov/region08lland_wastel 

bfhomelbflzome.html 

U.S. EPA Region 8 Brownfields Office 
999 18th Street, Suite 300 
Denver, CO 80202-2406 
Phone: (800)-227-8917 
Fax: (303) 312-6067 

REGION 9_ 

Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, 
American Samoa, Guam 

zvwzv.epa.gov/region09lzvastelbrozvnl 

index.html 

U.S. EPA Region 9 Brownfields Office 
75 Hawthorne Street 
San Francisco, CA 94105 
Phone: (415) 972-3188 
Fax: (415) 947-3528 


REGION 10_ 

Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington 

zvzvw.epa.gov/swerospslbfl 
index.html# other 

U.S. EPA Region 10 Brownfields Office 

1200 Sixth Avenue 

Seattle, WA 98011 

Phone: (800)424-4372 

Fax: (206) 553-0124 


EPA - HEADQUARTERS 
zvzvzv.epa.gov/brownfields 

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency 
Response 

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW 
Washington, DC 20460 
Phone: (202) 260-6837 
Fax: (202) 260-6066 


• APPENDIX C: LIST OF BROWNFIELDS AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT CONTACTS 


C-7 
















ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


EPA Technical A 
Support Contacts IP* 


BROWNFIELDS AND LAND REVITALIZATION 
TECHNOLOGY SUPPORT CENTER 

Online: www.broivnfieldstsc.org 

Phone: (877) 838-7220 (Toll Free) 

EPA Contact: Dan Powell 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Office of Superfund Remediation and 
Technology Innovation 
Phone: (703) 603-7196 
E-mail: powell.dan@epa.gov 

GENERAL INFORMATION: 

OFFICE OF SUPERFUND REMEDIATION AND 
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION 

CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES 


John Kingscott 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology 
Innovation 
Ariel Rios Building 

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G) 
Washington, DC 20460 
Phone: (703) 603-7189 
E-mail: kingscott.john@epa.gov 

GROUNDWATER INFORMATION 


SPECIFIC TECHNICAL SUPPORT: 

OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

CLEANUP TECHNOLOGIES 


Ed Barth 

National Risk Management Research Laboratory 
Office of Research and Development 
U.S. EPA 

26 Martin Luther King Drive 
Cincinnati, OH 45268 
Phone: (513) 569-7669 
Fax: (513) 569-7676 

E-mail: barth.ed@epa.gov 

Joan Colson 

National Risk Management Research Laboratory 
Office of Research and Development 
U.S. EPA 

26 Martin Luther King Drive 
Cincinnati, OH 45268 
Phone: (513) 569-7501 
Fax: (513) 569-7676 

GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES 

David Burden 

Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Center 

Office of Research and Development 

U.S. EPA 

P.O. Box 1198 

Ada, OK 74821-1198 

Phone: (580) 436-8606 

E-mail: burden.david@epa.gov 


Richard Steimle 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Office of Super fund Remediation and Technology 
Innovation 
Ariel Rios Building 

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G) 

Washington, DC 20460 
Phone: (703) 603-7195 
E-mail: steimle.richard@epa.gov 

REGULATORY INFORMATION 

See page C-6 for information about EPA regional 
points of contact. 

SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING 

Deana Crumbling 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology 
Innovation 
Ariel Rios Building 

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. (5102G) 

Washington, DC 20460 

Phone: (703) 603-0643 

E-mail: crumbling.deana@epa.gov 


C-8 












APPENDIX D 
























ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Appendix D 

HOWTO ORDER DOCUMENTS 


Each resource described in this document can either be viewed or downloaded online at 
wiviv.brownfieldstsc.org. Many of the documents are provided in portable document format (pdf). Printed or 
hard copy versions of the publications are available from a variety of EPA sources. Visit the EPA 
Information Sources Web site for publications at www.epa.gov/epahome/-publications.htm to obtain additional 
information on sources of publications. Some of the information contained on the Web site is included 
below. 

EPA's National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) is a central repository for all EPA 
documents, with more than 7,000 titles in paper and electronic format. The documents are available free of 
charge, but supplies may be limited. You may order one copy each of as many as five documents within any 
two-week period. Documents may be ordered on line, by telephone, by facsimile, or by using the order form 
on the following page. Please include the EPA document numbers of all publications ordered. 


NSCEP publications may be ordered: 


Online: 

www.epa.gov/ncepihom/index.htm 

By mail: 

U.S. EPA/NSCEP 

P.O. Box 42419 

Cincinnati, Ohio 45242-0419 

By fax: 

Send your order via FAX, 24-hours a day, 7-days a week. 

(513) 489-8695 

By e-mail: 

ncepimal@one.net 

By phone: 

Call 1-800-490-9198 or (513) 489-8190 (Speak to an operator Monday through Friday, 
7:30 AM - 5:30 PM, E.S.T.). Leave an order 24-hours a day. 


Some EPA publications also may be available on EPA's National Environmental Publications Internet Site 
(NEPIS), EPA's online repository of more than 10,000 documents. Visit the NEPIS Web site at www.epa.gov/ 
nepis/ to search for, view, and print documents. The collection may include documents that no longer are 
available in print. 

Since some EPA offices make selected documents available through their own Web sites, you may wish to 
visit the EPA Web site at www.epa.gov/epahome/publications2.htm for more information about obtaining 
documents from specific EPA offices. 

Publications that have numbers beginning with PB, or publications that are out of stock at NSCEP, may be 
purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). NTIS publications may be ordered 
online at www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.asp. NTIS also provides ordering by mail, fax, and e-mail. Visit the 
Web site to obtain additional information regarding document availability and cost before ordering by those 
methods. For additional information or telephone orders call the Sales Desk at 1-800-553-6847 or (703) 605- 

6000 8 a.m. - 6 p.m.; EST, Mon-Fri. 


• APPENDIX D: HOW TO ORDER DOCUMENTS 


D-1 





















































































































































NATIONAL SERVICE CENTER 
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLICATIONS 

ORDERFORM 


EPA publications may be available through the National Service Center for Environmental 
Publications (NSCEP). Single copies are available free of charge while supplies last. 

Mail to: U.S. EPA/NSCEP 

P.O. Box 42419 
Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419 

Fax to: (513)489-8695 


Document No. 


Document Title 


Customer Information 


Name 


Company 


Street Address 


City 


State 


Zip Code 


Daytime Telephone Number 




















FOLD HERE 


Return Address: 


Place 

Stamp 

Here 


U.S. EPA/NSCEP 
P.O. Box 42419 
Cincinnati, OH 45242-0419 


FOLD HERE 






INDEX OF RESOURCES 
























ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 



Index No. 

Title of Resource 

Page 

NEW 

1 

A Systematic Approach to In Situ Bioremediation in Groundwater, Including 
Decision Trees for In Situ Bioremediation of Nitrates, Carbon Tetrachloride, and 
Perchlorate. 



2 

A User's Guide to Environmental Immunochemical Analysis. 

.47 

NEW 

3 

Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program (ASAP), ANL. 

.47 

NEW 

4 

Air Sparging Design Paradigm. 

.67 

NEW 

5 

Air Sparging: Technology Transfer and Multi-Site Evaluation (CU-9808). 

.64 


6 

Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor Extraction (EPA 542-R-97-007), 

.68 

NEW 

7 

Application Guide for Bioslurping - Volume 2. 

.68 

NEW 

8 

Application Guide for Bioslurping - Volume I. 

.68 


9 

Application of Field-Based Characterization Tools in the Waterfront Voluntary 
Setting. 

.46 

NEW 

10 

Archived Internet Seminars. 

.24 

NEW 

11 

Arsenic Treatment Technologies for Soil, Waste, and Water (EPA 542-R-02-042).... 

.64 


12 

Assessing Contractor Capabilities for Streamlined Site Investigations 

(EPA 542-R-00-001). 

.24 


13 

Assessment of Phytoremediation as an In-Situ Technique for Cleaning 
Oil-Contaminated Sites. 

.64 


14 

ASTM Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or 
Suspected Petroleum Releases (E1912-98(2004)). 

.41 

UPDATED 

15 

ASTM Standard Guide for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase II 
Environmental Site Assessment Process (E1903-97(2002)). 

.41 

UPDATED 

16 

ASTM Standard Guide for Process of Sustainable Brownfields Development 
(E1984-03(2003)). 

.24 


17 

ASTM Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum 
Release Sites (E1739-95el(2003)). 

.60 

NEW 

18 

ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I 
Environmental Site Assessment Process (El527-00(2003)). 

.24 


19 

Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Groundwater. 

.68 


20 

Breaking Barriers to the Use of Innovative Technologies: State Regulatory Role in 
Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Characterization Technology Selection. 

.60 

UPDATED 

21 

Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center. 

.42 


22 

Brownfields Technology Primer: Requesting and Evaluating Proposals that 

Encourage Innovative Technologies for Investigation and Cleanup 

(EPA 542-R-01-005).42, 60, 68 


23 

Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site 
Cleanup (EPA 542-R-01-006). 

.68 


24 

Brownfields Technology Primer: Using the Triad Approach to Streamline 
Brownfields Site Assessment and Cleanup (EPA 542-B-03-002). 

24, 42 

NEW 

25 

Capstone Report on the Application, Monitoring, and Performance of Permeable 
Reactive Barriers for Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 1 (EPA 600-R-03-045a) 

.69 


•INDEXOF RESOURCES 


1-1 
































ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Index No. Title of Resource_Page 

NEW 26 Capstone Report on the Application, Monitoring, and Performance of Permeable 

Reactive Barriers for Ground-Water Remediation: Volume 2 (EPA 600-R-03-045b).69 

27 Catalog of EPA Materials on USTs (EPA 510-B-00-001). 64 

28 Characterization of Mine Leachates and the Development of a Ground-Water 

Monitoring Strategy for Mine Sites (EPA 600-R-99-007).47, 83 

UPDATED 29 Citizen's Guides to Understanding Innovative Treatment Technologies.60, 83 

NEW 30 Clarifying DQO Terminology Usage to Support Modernization of Site Cleanup 

Practices (EPA 542-R-01-014).24 

31 Clean-Up Information Home Page on the World Wide Web.25, 61 

UPDATED 32 CLU-IN Technology Focus.69 

33 Cost Analyses for Selected Groundwater Cleanup Projects: Pump-and-Treat 

Systems and Permeable Reactive Barriers (EPA 542-R-00-013).69 

34 Cost Estimating Tools and Resources for Addressing the Brownfields Initiatives 

(EPA 625-R-99-001).42, 61 

35 Data Quality Objective Process for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations 

(EPA 600-R-00-007).25, 42 

36 Data Quality Objectives Web Site.25 

NEW 37 Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs): Review of Emerging 

Characterization and Remediation Technologies.47 

NEW 38 Design Solutions for Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Air Quality (EPA 500-F-04-004).84 

NEW 39 Directory of Technical Assistance for Land Revitalization (BTSC) . 

(EPA 542-B-03-001).25, 43, 61, 84 

NEW 40 DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Approaching Regulatory Closure - 

Status Update (EPA 542-R-04-016).64 

NEW 41 Dry Cleaner Site Assessment & Remediation - A Technology Snapshot.29 

42 Engineered Approaches to In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents: 

Fundamentals and Field Applications (EPA 542-R-00-008). 69 

43 Engineering and Design: Adsorption Design Guide (DG 1110-1-2).69 

44 Engineering and Design: Requirements for the Preparation of Sampling and 

Analysis Plans (EM 200-1-3).25, 43 

NEW 45 Engineering and Design: Soil Vapor Extraction and Bioventing (EM 1110-1-4001). 70 

NEW 46 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP).48 

UPDATED 47 Environmental Technology Verification Reports.48 

48 EPA Dynamic Field Activities Internet Site.48 

UPDATED 49 EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Industry Sector Notebooks .... 27 

UPDATED 50 EPA Office of Solid Waste SW-846 Online: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid 

Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods.43 

NEW 51 EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and 

Cleaning Up Iron and Steel Mill Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative 

(EPA 625-R-98-007).65 


1-2 






























ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Index No. Title of Resource Page 

NEW 52 EPA ORD Brownfields Guides - Technical Approaches to Characterizing and 

Cleaning Up Metal Finishing Sites Under the Brownfields Initiative 

(EPA 625-R-98-006). 65 

53 EPA Region 3 Industry Profile Fact Sheets.28 

54 EPA REmediation And CHaracterization Innovative Technologies 

(REACEf IT) Online Searchable Database.25, 43, 62, 84 

NEW 55 EPA Technical Support Project.48 

56 EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks Internet Site.70 

NEW 57 Evaluation of Performance and Longevity at Permeable Reactive Barrier Sites 

(CU-9907).70 

NEW 58 Evaluation of Permeable Reactive Barrier Performance-Revised Report.70 

NEW 59 Evaluation of Phytoremediation for Management of Chlorinated Solvents in 

Soil and Groundwater (EPA 542-R-05-001).70 

60 Evaluation of Selected Environmental Decision Support Software (DSS).43, 62 

61 Evaluation of Subsurface Engineered Barriers at Waste Sites (EPA 542-R-98-005).62 

NEW 62 Evapotranspiration Landfill Cover Systems Fact Sheet (EPA 542-F-03-015).70 

63 Expedited Site Characterization (ESC) Method (Ames Laboratory Environmental 

Technologies Development Program).26 

NEW 64 Federal Facilities Forum Issue: Field Sampling and Selecting On-Site Analytical 

Methods for Explosives in Water (EPA 600-S-99-002).48 

UPDATED 65 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Case Studies.62, 85 

NEW 66 Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Remediation Optimization 

Web Site.85 

67 Field Analytic Technologies Encyclopedia (FATE).44 

68 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation 

(EPA 542-R-98-008).71 

69 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Ground-Water 

Circulation Wells (EPA 542-R-98-009).71 

70 Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Permeable Reactive 

Barriers (EPA 542-R-99-002). 71 

71 Field Sampling and Analysis Technologies Matrix, Version 1.0.44 

72 Frequently Asked Questions about Dry Cleaning (EPA 744-K-98-002).28 

73 Geophysical Techniques to Locate DNAPLs: Profiles of Federally Funded Projects 

(EPA 542-R-98-020). 71 

74 Groundwater Cleanup: Overview of Operating Experience at 28 Sites 

(EPA 542-R-99-006).65 

NEVV 75 Groundwater Pump and Treat Systems: Summary of Selected Cost and 

Performance Information at Superfund-Financed Sites (EPA 542-R-01-021a and 
EPA 542-R-01-021b).71 

UPDATED 76 Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center Technology Reports.71 

NEW 77 Groundwater Remedies Selected at Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-01-022).72 


•INDEXOF RESOURCES 


1-3 
































ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Index No. Title of Resource _ Page 

78 Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for 

Remediation Projects (EPA 542-B-98-007).62 

79 Guideline for Dynamic Workplans and Field Analytics: The Keys to Cost-Effective 

Site Characterization and Cleanup.44 

UPDATED 80 How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage 

Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers (EPA 510-R-04-002). 65 

81 Hydraulic Optimization Demonstration for Groundwater Pump-and-Treat Systems 72 

NEW 82 Impact of Landfill Closure Designs on Long-Term Natural Attenuation of 

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.66 

NEW 83 Improving Decision Quality: Making the Case for Adopting Next-Generation Site 

Characterization Practices.26 

UPDATED 84 Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management for Site Investigation and 

Cleanup (EPA 542-F-04-001a).26 

85 Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Hazardous Waste Site Characterization and 

Monitoring.44, 85 

NEW 86 In Search of Representativeness: Evolving the Environmental Data Quality Model.... 26 

87 In Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils Technology Status 

Report (SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022). 72 

NEW 88 In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated Solvents: Fundamentals and Field Applications 

(EPA 542-R-04-010).72 

89 In Situ Treatment of Contaminated Sediments.72 

90 Innovations in Site Characterization Case Study Series...44, 66 

UPDATED 91 Innovative Remediation and Site Characterization Technologies Resources 

(EPA 542-C-04-002).44, 62 

92 Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in 

North America, 2nd Edition (EPA 542-B-00-004).63 

93 Institutional Controls: A Site Manager's Guide to Identifying, Evaluating, and 

Selecting Institutional Controls at Superfund and RCRA Corrective Action 
Cleanups (EPA 540-F-00-005). 85 

94 Inter Agency DNAPL Consortium Home Page.66 

95 Introduction to Phytoremediation (EPA 600-R-99-107).72 

96 ITRC Phytoremediation Decision Tree.72 

97 Leak Detection for Landfill Liners: Overview of Tools for Vadose Zone Monitoring 

(EPA 542-R-98-019).73 

NEW 98 Long-Term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Using Zero-Valent Iron: 

An Evaluation at Two Sites (Environmental Research Brief) (EPA 600-S-02-001). 73 

NEW 99 Managing Uncertainty in Environmental Decisions.45 

100 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents (EPA 600-F-98-022).73 

101 Monitored Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (EPA 600-F-98-021). 73 

102 MtBE Fact Sheet #2: Remediation of MtBE-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater 

(EPA 510-F-98-002).66 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Index No. Title of Resource 


NEW 

103 


104 

NEW 

105 


106 


107 

NEW 

108 

NEW 

109 

NEW 

110 

UPDATED 

111 


112 


113 

NEW 

114 


115 


116 


117 


118 


119 


120 

NEW 

121 

NEW 

122 

NEW 

123 

NEW 

124 

NEW 

125 

NEW 

126 

NEW 

127 


MtBE Treatment Profiles.73 

Multi-Phase Extraction: State of the Practice (EPA 542-R-99-004). 73 

National Environmental Technology Test Sites.49 

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and 
Practices.73 

Natural Attenuation of MtBE in the Subsurface under Methanogenic Conditions 
(EPA 600-R-00-006). 74 

Naval Air Station Pensacola, Optimization of RAO to Treat Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 
in Groundwater.86 

Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay (In Situ Chemical Oxidation).86 

New England Waste Management Officials (NEWMOA).49 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization/Committee on the Challenges of Modern 
Society (NATO/CCMS) Pilot Study Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging 
Technologies for the Treatment of Contaminated Land and Groundwater 
(Phase III) 2002 Annual Report (EPA 542-R-02-010).66 

OnSite OnLine Tools for Site Assessment.27 


Ordnance and Explosives Mandatory Center of Expertise (MCX) and Design Center .... 29 
OSWER Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway 


from Groundwater and Soils (Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Guidance).86 

Overview of the Phytoremediation of Lead and Mercury.74 

Permeable Reactive Barrier Technologies for Contaminant Remediation 

(EPA 600-R-98-125). 74 

Permeable Reactive Barriers for Inorganics.74 


Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil and Ground Water at Hazardous Waste 
Sites (EPA 540-S-01-005). 74 

Phy to remediation Resource Guide (EPA 542-B-99-003). 74 

Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance (Phyto-2).74 

Pilot Project to Optimize Superfund-Financed Pump and Treat Systems: Summary 
Report and Lessons Learned (EPA 542-R-02-008 a-u).86 

Proven Alternatives for Aboveground Treatment of Arsenic in Groundwater 

(EPA 542-S-02-002). 74 

Pump and Treat and Air Sparging of Contaminated Groundwater at the Gold 

Coast Superfund Site, Miami, Florida, September 1998.87 

Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at 
French Limited Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas, September 1998.87 

Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at 

the Libby Groundwater Superfund Site, Libby, Montana, September 1998.87 


1998 .... 87 


Pump and Treat and Permeable Reactive Barrier to Treat Contaminated 
Groundwater at the Former Intersil, Inc. Site, Sunnyvale, California, Sep 


Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Mid-South Wood Products 
Superfund Site, Mena, Arkansas, September 1998. 


•INDEXOF RESOURCES 


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ROAD MAP TO UNDERSTANDING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR BROWNFIELDS INVESTIGATION AND CLEANUP 


Index No. Title of Resource Page 

NEW 128 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the SCRDI Dixiana 

Superfund Site, Cayce, South Carolina, September 1998. 88 

NEW 129 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Solid State Circuits 

Superfund Site, Republic, Missouri, September 1998.88 

NEW 130 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the United Chrome 

Superfund Site, Corvallis, Oregon, September 1998.88 

NEW 131 Pump and Treat of Contaminated Groundwater at the Western Processing 

Superfund Site, Kent, Washington, September 1998.88 

132 Quality Assurance Guidance for Conducting Brownfields Site Assessments 

(EPA 540-R-98-038). 27 

133 Rapid Commercialization Initiative Final Report for an Integrated In Situ 

Remediation Technology (Lasagna™) (DOE/OR/22459-1). 63 

NEW 134 Relationship Between SW-846, PBMS, and Innovative Analytical Technologies 

(EPA 542-R-01-015).45 

NEW 135 Remedial Action Operation Optimization Case Study: Eastern Groundwater 

Plume, New Brunswick, Maine.88 

NEW 136 Remedial Technology Development Forum (RTDF).49 

UPDATED 137 Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version 4.0.63 

NEW 138 Remediation Technology Cost Compendium - Year 2000 (EPA 542-R-01-009). 75 

139 Resource for MGP Site Characterization and Remediation: Expedited Site 
Characterization and Source Remediation at Former Manufactured Gas Plant 

Sites (EPA 542-R-00-005).,.47, 67 

140 Resources for Strategic Site Investigation and Monitoring (EPA 542-F-01-030B).45 

141 Reuse Assessments: A Tool to Implement the Superfund Land Use Directive 

(OSWER Directive 9355.7-06P).63 

142 Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments.47 

143 Sensor Technology Information Exchange (SenTIX).27, 45 

UPDATED 144 Site Characterization Library, Version 3.0 (EPA 600/C/05/001).45 

NEW 145 Site Characterization Technologies for DNAPL Investigations (EPA 542-R-04-017).... 49 

146 Site Remediation Technology InfoBase: A Guide to Federal Programs, Information 

Resources, and Publications on Contaminated Site Cleanup Technologies, Second 
Edition (EPA 542-B-00-005). 63 

147 Solidification/Stabilization Use at Superfund Sites (EPA 542-R-00-010).75 

148 State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners (SCRD) Internet Site.67, 77 

149 Study of Assessment and Remediation Technologies for Dry Cleaner Sites.29, 75 

150 Subsurface Containment and Monitoring Systems: Barriers and Beyond 

(Overview Report).75 

151 Subsurface Remediation: Improving Long-Term Monitoring and Remedial 

Systems Performance Conference Proceedings, June 1999 (EPA 540-B-00-002). 75 

152 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Demonstration 

Reports.46 


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Index No. Title of Resource _ Page 

UPDATED 153 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technology Profiles, 

Eleventh Edition.63 

NEW 154 Superfund Representative Sampling Guidance.27 

NEW 155 Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) Implementation Manual 

(TR-2219-ENV).75 

NEW 156 Sustainable Management Approaches and Revitalization Tools - electronic 

(SMARTe).27, 46 

157 TechKnow™ Database.64 

NEW 158 Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of 

DNAPL Source Zones.76 

NEW 159 Technical and Regulatory Guidance for the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for 

Environmental Project Management.27 

160 Technical and Regulatory Requirements for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of 

Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater.76 

NEW 161 Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in 

Ground Water (EPA 600-R-98-128). 88 

NEW 162 Technologies for Treating MtBE and Other Fuel Oxygenates (EPA 542-R-04-009). 76 

NEW 163 Technology Status Review: In Situ Oxidation.76 

164 The Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Sites.67 

165 Treatment Experiences at RCRA Corrective Actions (EPA 542-F-00-020). 67 

UPDATED 166 Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition) 

(EPA 542-R-03-009).64 

NEW 167 Triad Resource Center.46 

168 Tri-Service Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System-SCAPS: 

Innovative Environmental Technology from Concept to Commercialization.50 

NEW 169 U.S. Department of Defense: Strategic Environmental Research and Development 

Program (SERDP).50 

170 Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program.76 

171 Underground Storage Tanks and Brownfields Sites (EPA 510-F-00-004).29 

NEW 172 Use of Field-Scale Phytotechnology for Chlorinated Solvents, Metals, Explosives/ 

Propellants and Pesticides - Status Update (EPA 542-R-05- 002).76 

173 Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and 

Underground Storage Tank Sites.67 

NEW 174 Using Dynamic Field Activities for On-Site Decision-Making: A Guide for Project 

Managers (EPA 540-R-03-002).46 

NEW 175 Vapor Intrusion Issues at Brownfields Sites.86 


•INDEXOF RESOURCES 


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